Fig. 2.

Immune modular analysis reveals a unique signature associated with a high number of clinical episodes. We performed a modular analysis of a low-episode versus naive, b high-episode versus naive and c high-episode versus low-episode children. For each gene within each of these previously defined modules, we performed a Mann-Whitney test between different high-, low-episode, or naive children and determined the number of significant (p < 0.05) upregulated and downregulated genes. The overall change in expression is shown as the percentage of up- or downregulated genes, which demonstrates a strong upregulation of the “interferon” modules (M1.2, M3.4, M5.12) in the high-episode group. d For each child and each module, we calculated the “modular response” and then performed a Mann-Whitney test of response rates for each module between high and low malaria episode children. Using a Benjamini-Hochberg procedure with FDR cut-off of 20%, we identified three modules that were significantly different between high- and low-episode groups