(a) Schematic illustration of reaction steps for the fabrication of sensor platforms based on CPPy nanotubes; (b) Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image of CPPy nanotubes that are deposited on the interdigitated microelectrode substrate; (c) Schematic representation of a CPPy nanotube sensor platform with a field-effect transistor (FET) configuration: the source (S), drain (D), and liquid-ion gate (G) are labelled; (d) Typical real-time responses of CPPy nanotube FET sensors at a constant VSD (thrombin, T; bovine serum albumin, BSA, B), where a control experiment was performed by using CPNT-1 with no thrombin aptamers attached; (e) Calibration curves of CPPy nanotube FET sensors. Reproduced with permission from [35]. Copyright 2008, John Wiley & Sons.