Figure 19.

(a–c) Schematic diagram of cellulose hierarchical networks and the orientation within deformed cellulose hydrogel: (a) construction of loosely chemically cross-linked cellulose network as framework through reacting cellulose by adding tiny amount of cross-linker, (b) formation of cellulose submicrobundles and nanofibers, and (c) synchronized orientation of both physical and chemical networks under external force; (d–f) Representative atomic force microscopy height images. Reprinted with permission from [119]. Copyright (2017) American Chemical Society.