TEDDY nested case-control analyses [38]. All cases of persistent confirmed IA (N = 418) including childrenwho developed T1D (N = 114) ascertained by May 31, 2012 were selected. A total 1253 controls were matched to the cases of persistent confirmed IA (generally 3:1) on clinical center, sex, and family history of T1D. All the controls were included in studies for the dietary biomarkers and metabolomics and 418 controls (1:1) were included in metagenomics and gene expression studies. For the 114 T1D cases, 342 controls were selected for dietary biomarkers and metabolomics and 114 controls for the other studies. Number of samples tested include the following: dietary biomarkers (n = 23,594), metabolomics (n = 12,959), gene expression (n = 5200), microbiome (n = 13,403), viral metagenomics (n = 6380), proteomics (n = 5500)