TABLE 3.
Mortality Results by Operating Segment of a Canadian Petroleum Cohort (1964–2006), Men and Women Combined
| Refinery | Petrochemical | Upstream | All Transportation | |||||||||
| Cause of Death | Observed | Expected* | SMR (95% CI) | Observed | Expected* | SMR (95% CI) | Observed | Expected* | SMR (95% CI) | Observed | Expected* | SMR (95% CI) |
| All Causes | 341 | 477.4 | 0.71 (0.64–0.79)† | 83 | 148.9 | 0.56 (0.44–0.69)† | 310 | 518.0 | 0.60 (0.53–0.67)† | 489 | 619.4 | 0.79 (0.72–0.86)† |
| Infective and parasitic disease (Dx) | x | 13.6 | — | 0 | 4.4 | — | x | 15.8 | — | 7 | 13.3 | 0.53 (0.21–1.09) |
| Acquired immune deficiency syndrome | x | 8.4 | — | 0 | 2.7 | — | x | 10.0 | — | x | 6.9 | — |
| Malignant neoplasms (MN) | 131 | 150.0 | 0.87 (0.73–1.04) | 34 | 48.7 | 0.70 (0.48–0.98)‡ | 112 | 165.6 | 0.68 (0.56–0.81)† | 191 | 210.6 | 0.91 (0.78–1.04) |
| MN buccal cavity and pharynx | x | 4.3 | — | 0 | 1.4 | — | x | 4.3 | — | x | 5.7 | — |
| MN esophagus | 6 | 4.8 | 1.25 (0.46–2.72) | 0 | 1.5 | — | x | 4.7 | — | 6 | 6.3 | 0.95 (0.35–2.08) |
| MN stomach | 0 | 5.6 | — | x | 1.7 | — | 6 | 5.8 | 1.04 (0.38–2.27) | 10 | 7.6 | 1.31 (0.63–2.41) |
| MN large intestine except rectum | 16 | 13.4 | 1.19 (0.68–1.94) | x | 4.3 | — | 11 | 14.4 | 0.76 (0.38–1.36) | 13 | 19.0 | 0.69 (0.37–1.17) |
| MN rectum and rectosigmoid junction | x | 4.1 | — | x | 1.3 | — | x | 4.2 | — | 7 | 5.6 | 1.25 (0.50–2.58) |
| MN liver | x | 2.9 | — | 0 | 0.9 | — | x | 3.0 | — | x | 3.7 | — |
| MN gallbladder | 0 | 0.8 | — | 0 | 0.3 | — | x | 1.0 | — | x | 1.2 | — |
| MN pancreas | 7 | 7.6 | 0.93 (0.37–1.91) | 0 | 2.4 | — | 9 | 8.0 | 1.13 (0.52–2.14) | 12 | 10.5 | 1.14 (0.59–2.00) |
| MN nose/sinuses | 0 | 0.2 | — | x | 0.1 | — | x | 0.3 | — | x | 0.3 | — |
| MN bronchus and lung | 29 | 44.9 | 0.65 (0.43–0.93)‡ | 11 | 14.4 | 0.76 (0.38–1.37) | 22 | 46.9 | 0.47 (0.29–0.71)† | 62 | 64.7 | 0.96 (0.73–1.23) |
| MN bone | 0 | 0.5 | — | 0 | 0.2 | — | 0 | 0.6 | — | 0 | 0.6 | — |
| Malignant melanoma | x | 3.2 | — | 0 | 1.0 | — | x | 3.5 | — | 0 | 3.8 | — |
| MN of connective and other soft tissue | x | 1.1 | — | 0 | 0.4 | — | x | 1.4 | — | x | 1.4 | — |
| Mesothelioma | 6 | 0.6 | 9.93 (3.64–21.60)† | 0 | 0.2 | — | x | 0.6 | — | x | 0.8 | — |
| MN breast | 7 | 4.1 | 1.71 (0.69–3.52) | x | 2.1 | — | 5 | 9.8 | 0.51 (0.17–1.20) | 6 | 8.2 | 0.73 (0.27–1.60) |
| MN cervix uteri | x | 0.5 | — | 0 | 0.2 | — | 0 | 1.3 | — | x | 1.0 | — |
| MN corpus uteri | 0 | 0.1 | — | 0 | 0.1 | — | 0 | 0.4 | — | 0 | 0.3 | — |
| MN ovary/fallopian tube/broad ligament | 0 | 1.0 | — | 0 | 0.5 | — | x | 2.4 | — | x | 2.0 | — |
| MN prostate | 6 | 5.3 | 1.12 (0.41–2.45) | 0 | 1.5 | — | 5 | 4.9 | 1.02 (0.33–2.38) | 10 | 8.5 | 1.18 (0.57–2.18) |
| MN testis | x | 0.6 | — | 0 | 0.2 | — | 0 | 0.6 | — | x | 0.5 | — |
| MN kidney | x | 4.3 | — | 0 | 1.4 | — | x | 4.4 | — | 8 | 5.7 | 1.40 (0.61–2.76) |
| MN bladder | x | 2.6 | — | 0 | 0.8 | — | x | 2.6 | — | x | 3.8 | — |
| Nervous system malignant, benign, and unspecified | 5 | 7.9 | 0.63 (0.21–1.47) | x | 2.5 | — | 12 | 8.8 | 1.37 (0.71–2.39) | 8 | 9.6 | 0.83 (0.36–1.64) |
| All brain tumors | 5 | 7.6 | 0.66 (0.22–1.55) | x | 2.4 | — | 11 | 8.3 | 1.32 (0.66–2.36) | 7 | 9.1 | 0.77 (0.31–1.58) |
| MN - Brain | 5 | 6.7 | 0.74 (0.24–1.73) | x | 2.2 | — | 10 | 7.4 | 1.35 (0.65–2.48) | 7 | 8.1 | 0.86 (0.35–1.78) |
| MN CNS tumors (excluding brain) | 0 | 0.2 | — | 0 | 0.0 | — | x | 0.2 | — | 0 | 0.2 | — |
| MN site unknown | 11 | 6.9 | 1.60 (0.80–2.87) | x | 2.2 | — | x | 7.6 | — | x | 9.6 | — |
| Hodgkin disease | 0 | 1.0 | — | 0 | 0.3 | — | x | 1.1 | — | x | 1.1 | — |
| Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | 6 | 6.4 | 0.94 (0.35–2.06) | x | 2.0 | — | 5 | 6.9 | 0.73 (0.24–1.70) | 8 | 8.2 | 0.98 (0.42–1.92) |
| Diffuse non-Hodgkin lymphoma | x | 3.3 | — | x | 1.0 | — | x | 3.5 | — | x | 4.2 | — |
| Follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma | x | 3.1 | — | x | 1.0 | — | x | 3.3 | — | x | 4.0 | — |
| Leukemias | x | 5.6 | — | x | 1.7 | — | 5 | 6.1 | 0.83 (0.27–1.92) | 8 | 7.3 | 1.10 (0.48–2.17) |
| Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia | x | 2.6 | — | 0 | 0.8 | — | x | 2.9 | — | x | 3.4 | — |
| Acute myeloid leukemia | x | 1.8 | — | 0 | 0.6 | — | x | 2.0 | — | x | 2.4 | — |
| Chronic myeloid leukemia | 0 | 0.7 | — | 0 | 0.2 | — | 0 | 0.8 | — | x | 0.9 | — |
| Acute lymphoid leukemia | x | 0.5 | — | x | 0.2 | — | 0 | 0.6 | — | 0 | 0.6 | — |
| Chronic lymphoid leukemia | 0 | 0.8 | — | x | 0.3 | — | x | 0.8 | — | x | 1.2 | — |
| Other leukemia | 0 | 0.9 | — | 0 | 0.3 | — | x | 1.0 | — | x | 1.2 | — |
| Multiple myeloma and immunoproliferative Dx | 0 | 2.3 | — | x | 0.7 | — | x | 2.4 | — | x | 3.2 | — |
| Multiple myeloma | 0 | 2.2 | — | x | 0.7 | — | x | 2.4 | — | x | 3.2 | — |
| Myelodysplastic syndrome | 0 | 0.3 | — | 0 | 0.1 | — | x | 0.3 | — | 0 | 0.5 | — |
| Chronic myeloproliferative disease | 0 | 0.3 | — | 0 | 0.1 | — | x | 0.3 | — | 0 | 0.4 | — |
| Benign neoplasms | 0 | 0.4 | — | 0 | 0.1 | — | x | 0.4 | — | 0 | 0.5 | — |
| Dx of blood and blood-forming organs | 0 | 1.2 | — | x | 0.4 | — | x | 1.3 | — | 0 | 1.5 | — |
| Aplastic anemia | 0 | 0.2 | — | 0 | 0.1 | — | x | 0.2 | — | 0 | 0.3 | — |
| Endocrine/Nutritional/Metabolic Dx | 7 | 14.9 | 0.47 (0.19–0.97)‡ | x | 4.7 | — | 10 | 16.2 | 0.62 (0.30–1.14) | 13 | 20.0 | 0.65 (0.35–1.11) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 6 | 11.1 | 0.54 (0.20–1.17) | x | 3.5 | — | 8 | 11.9 | 0.67 (0.29–1.32) | 13 | 15.3 | 0.85 (0.45–1.45) |
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | x | 1.7 | — | x | 0.6 | — | x | 1.9 | — | 5 | 2.3 | 2.15 (0.70–5.03) |
| Circulatory disease | 92 | 125.8 | 0.73 (0.59–0.90)† | 19 | 38.1 | 0.50 (0.30–0.78)† | 55 | 128.2 | 0.43 (0.32–0.56)† | 143 | 175.5 | 0.82 (0.69–0.96)‡ |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 11 | 15.6 | 0.71 (0.35–1.26) | x | 4.8 | — | 6 | 17.3 | 0.35 (0.13–0.75)† | 14 | 22.6 | 0.62 (0.34–1.04) |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 25 | 49.4 | 0.51 (0.33–0.75)† | 5 | 14.8 | 0.34 (0.11–0.79)† | 18 | 48.1 | 0.38 (0.22–0.59)† | 61 | 68.6 | 0.89 (0.68–1.14) |
| Diseases of arteries, arterioles, and capillaries | 5 | 5.6 | 0.90 (0.29–2.10) | x | 1.7 | — | x | 5.7 | — | x | 8.2 | — |
| Aortic aneurysm | x | 3.2 | — | x | 1.0 | — | x | 3.2 | — | x | 4.7 | — |
| Respiratory disease | 13 | 19.1 | 0.68 (0.36–1.17) | x | 5.7 | — | 13 | 20.7 | 0.63 (0.34–1.08) | 18 | 28.8 | 0.63 (0.37–0.99)‡ |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary Dx | x | 6.7 | — | 0 | 2.0 | — | 5 | 7.2 | 0.70 (0.23–1.62) | 6 | 11.1 | 0.54 (0.20–1.17) |
| Digestive disease | 15 | 21.8 | 0.69 (0.39–1.13) | x | 6.8 | — | 15 | 23.0 | 0.65 (0.37–1.08) | 18 | 28.5 | 0.63 (0.37–0.99)‡ |
| Cirrhosis of liver | 10 | 12.8 | 0.78 (0.37–1.43) | x | 4.0 | — | 10 | 13.1 | 0.76 (0.37–1.41) | 11 | 16.3 | 0.67 (0.34–1.21) |
| Diseases of pancreas | 0 | 1.1 | — | 0 | 0.3 | — | x | 1.2 | — | x | 1.4 | — |
| Genitourinary disease | x | 4.2 | — | 0 | 1.3 | — | x | 4.6 | — | 7 | 6.1 | 1.14 (0.46–2.35) |
| Kidney diseases | x | 3.7 | — | 0 | 1.1 | — | x | 4.0 | — | 6 | 5.4 | 1.12 (0.41–2.44) |
| Accidents/Poisonings/Violence | 60 | 93.9 | 0.64 (0.49–0.82)† | 13 | 28.3 | 0.46 (0.25–0.79)† | 74 | 104.6 | 0.71 (0.56–0.89)† | 60 | 94.2 | 0.64 (0.49–0.82)† |
| Motor vehicle traffic accidents | 19 | 24.0 | 0.79 (0.48–1.23) | x | 6.9 | — | 27 | 26.3 | 1.03 (0.68–1.50) | 21 | 23.8 | 0.88 (0.55–1.35) |
| Motor vehicle nontraffic accidents | 0 | 1.0 | — | x | 0.3 | — | x | 1.1 | — | 0 | 0.9 | — |
| Water transport accidents | x | 1.9 | — | 0 | 0.5 | — | x | 1.9 | — | 0 | 2.0 | — |
| Air and space transport accidents | x | 1.4 | — | 0 | 0.4 | — | x | 1.4 | — | x | 1.4 | — |
| All other accidents | 16 | 24.9 | 0.64 (0.37–1.04) | x | 7.5 | — | 18 | 27.3 | 0.66 (0.39–1.04) | 14 | 26.2 | 0.54 (0.29–0.90)‡ |
| Suicide | 19 | 32.2 | 0.59 (0.36–0.92)‡ | x | 10.0 | — | 16 | 36.7 | 0.44 (0.25–0.71)† | 19 | 31.3 | 0.61 (0.37–0.95)‡ |
x Observations in the 1–4 observed range are not reported in accordance with disclosure rules of Statistics Canada.
SMR (95% CI), standardized mortality ratio (95% confidence interval).
*Expected deaths based on Canadian general population mortality rates.
†Statistically significant at P < 0.01.
‡Statistically significant at P < 0.05.