TABLE 2.
Factor loadings for major dietary patterns in Japanese adults1
| Western | Japanese | Traditional | Traditional Japanese | Healthy | Prudent | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All data2 | High-quality data only3 | All data2 | High-quality data only3 | All data2 | High-quality data only3 | All data2 | High-quality data only3 | All data2 | High-quality data only3 | All data2 | High-quality data only3 | |
| No. of studies | 34 | 24 | 12 | 8 | 10 | 8 | 9 | 5 | 18 | 11 | 9 | 8 |
| Rice | −0.26 | −0.26 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.60* | 0.64* | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Bread | 0.35* | 0.34* | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.15 | −0.15 | −0.39* | −0.43* | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Noodles | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Potatoes | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.56* | 0.53* | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.18 | 0.22 | 0.51* | 0.55* | 0.57* | 0.57* |
| Pulses | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.36* | 0.36* | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.38* | 0.37* | 0.39* | 0.39* | 0.59* | 0.51* |
| Nuts | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.11 | 0.00 | 0.27 | 0.27 |
| Fruits | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.31* | 0.28 | 0.20 | 0.26 | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.49* | 0.42* | 0.55* | 0.54* |
| Mushrooms | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.67* | 0.63* | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.61* | 0.62* | 0.58* | 0.58* |
| Seaweeds | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.59* | 0.57* | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.26 | 0.20 | 0.56* | 0.55* | 0.61* | 0.61* |
| Vegetables | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.56* | 0.56* | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.17 | 0.01 | 0.59* | 0.59* | 0.60* | 0.62* |
| Pickles | −0.15 | −0.17 | 0.43* | 0.41* | 0.60* | 0.60* | 0.24 | 0.09 | 0.25 | 0.30* | 0.27 | 0.27 |
| Meat | 0.35* | 0.35* | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.09 | −0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.09 | 0.07 |
| Fish and shellfish | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.30* | 0.30* | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.15 | 0.00 | 0.23 | 0.17 | 0.24 | 0.24 |
| Eggs | 0.21 | 0.01 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.27 | 0.27 |
| Dairy products | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.17 | 0.12 | 0.23 | 0.23 |
| Confectioneries | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.15 | 0.28 | −0.05 | −0.15 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.14 | 0.22 |
| Fats | 0.39* | 0.19 | 0.00 | −0.04 | −0.10 | −0.42* | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.07 |
| Oils | 0.39* | 0.31* | 0.12 | 0.20 | 0.15 | 0.05 | −0.01 | 0.00 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.17 | 0.21 |
| Seasonings | 0.30* | 0.41* | 0.34* | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.16 | 0.00 | 0.16 | 0.18 |
| Soups | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.24 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.27 | 0.24 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.00 |
| Alcoholic beverages | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.03 | −0.03 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.08 | 0.00 | −0.01 | −0.01 |
| Nonalcoholic and caloric beverages | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Nonalcoholic and noncaloric beverages | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.08 |
1
Values are medians unless otherwise indicated. *Factor loadings with an absolute value ≥0.30.
2
All relevant studies were included: studies 3–5, 15, 20, 22a, 22b, 23–31, 32a–d, 33, 35, 36a, 36b, 37, 38, 39a–d, 40, 41, 43, 45a, 45b, 46, 47, 49–52, 55, 58, 59a, 59b, 61, and 65 (see Table 1).
3
Studies with low quality (i.e., sample size <200 or use of a nonvalidated dietary assessment questionnaire or only 1-d dietary data; studies 3, 15, 20, 32a–d, 33, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 55, and 61) were excluded (see Table 1).