TABLE 1.

Characteristics of the trials included in the meta-analysis¹

Study, year, country (ref)	Age,2 y	No. of participants (no. in intervention) 3	Percentage of girls; population characteristics	Intervention	Control	Duration, mo	Source of milk supplement	Main outcomes	Design
Albala et al., 2008, Chile (22)	8–10	93 (47)	47.3; prepubertal	3 servings milk/d (∼200 g/serving provided 80 kcal, 8 g protein, 3 g fat, 11 g carbohydrate, and 320 mg Ca)	Usual diet	4	Delivered to home weekly	Weight, height, body composition (DXA), FFQ	R, P
Arnberg et al., 2012, Denmark (23)	12–15	193 (48/48/47)	62; age- and sex-adjusted BMI (kg/m2) >25	1 L skim milk/d, 1 L whey/d, or 1 L casein/d	1 L water/d	3	Provided at the start of and halfway through the intervention	Weight, waist circumference, fasting plasma insulin, HOMA, and plasma C-peptide	R, B, P
Baker et al., 1980, UK (24)	7–8	520 (281)	48.7; families with ≥4 children	One-third of a pint (190 mL) milk/d	Usual diet	21	Provided free at school	Weight, height	R, B, P
Cadogan et al., 1997, UK (25)	12.2 ± 0.34	82 (44)	100; white	568 mL (1 pint) whole or reduced-fat milk/d	Usual diet	18	Delivered to home every morning	Height, weight, pubertal staging, bone mass, body composition (DXA), biochemical values	R, P
Chan et al., 1995, USA (26)	9–13	48 (22)	100; Tanner stage II	Allowance of 1200 mg Ca/d of dairy products (milk, cheese, and yogurt)	Usual diet	12	Delivered weekly	Bone mineral content and density, body composition (DXA), serum or urinary biochemical values	R, P
Cheng et al., 2005, Finland (27)	10–12	77 (39)	100; Tanner stage I–II, dietary calcium intakes <900 mg/d	Dairy products (low-fat cheese and lactose-reduced yogurt; 1000 mg Ca/d)	Habitual diet (calcium intakes >900 mg/d)	24	Donated by VALIOOy, Helsinki, Finland	Height, weight, pubertal staging, bone mass, body composition (DXA), biochemical values	R, DB, PC
Cohen et al., 2016, Canada (28)	6–8.5	73 (23/24)	57; obese, prepubertal	2 or 4 servings milk and alternatives/d, preferably with lower %MF (i.e., 1%MF milk, 15%–18%MF cheese, 1%–2%MF yogurt)	Usual diet	12	Self-support	Anthropometry, BAZ, waist circumference, body composition (DXA), biochemical values	R, P
Du et al., 2004, China (29)	10–12	346 (111/113)	100	330 mL UHT milk/d (560 mg Ca); 330 mL UHT milk/d (560 mg Ca and 5 or 8 mg cholecalciferol)	Habitual diet	24	The UHT milk was specially formulated by Murray Goulburn Co-operative Co. Ltd. (Brunswick, Australia)	Height, weight, bone mass, body composition (DXA), biochemical values	R, P
Gibbons et al., 2004, New Zealand (30)	8–10	154 (74)	51.3; prepubertal	High-calcium milk provided 600 mg Ca per 40-g serving or 1200 mg/d	A control drink reconstituted with water	18	Delivered to school fortnightly or to home monthly	Height, weight, bone mineral density, bone mineral content, body composition (DXA)	R, B, P
Lambourne et al., 2013, USA (31)	13.6	74 (36)	66; RT (3 d/wk)	24 oz fat-free chocolate milk or low-fat white milk/d on RT days: 16 fl oz fat-free chocolate milk (16 g protein, 280 kcal) immediately after completion of RT, and 8 fl oz low-fat white milk (8 g protein, 100 kcal) at lunch; non-RT days: 16 fl oz low-fat white milk before their first class and 8 fl oz fat-free chocolate milk at lunch	Bottled water	6	Provided at school	Height, weight, body composition (DXA), waist circumference, muscle strength, daily physical activity, energy/macronutrient intake	R, B, P
Lappe et al., 2017, USA (32)	13–14	274 (136)	100; overweight, intakes of ≤600 mg/d	Low-fat milk (skim, 1%, or 2%) or yogurt servings providing ≥1200 mg Ca/d	Usual diet	12	Participants refunded for yogurt and milk purchased after receipt submission	Anthropometry, bone mineral density, bone mineral content, body composition (DXA), biochemical values	R, P
Merrilees et al., 2000, New Zealand (33)	15–16	91 (45)	100; postpubertal	Dairy food products (milk, flavored milk, dairy dessert, cheese, or yogurt; low-fat options were available; >1000 mg Ca/d)	Usual diet	24	Delivered fortnightly	Height, weight, bone mineral density, bone mineral content, body composition (DXA), biochemical values	R, P
Mobarhan et al., 2009, Iran (34)	12–18	96 (28/33)	Not mentioned; Overweight or obese	A calorie-restricted diet providing 500 kcal/d with 3 or 4 servings of dairy products/d	A calorie-restricted diet providing 500 kcal/d	3	Not mentioned	Height, weight, waist circumference, body composition (BIA), biochemical values	R, P
Rahmani et al., 2011, Iran (35)	6–9	469 (235)	51	250 mL 2.5% milk/d	Usual diet	3	Provided at school	Weight, height, midarm circumference	R, P
St-Onge et al., 2009, USA (36)	8–10	45 (21)	80; overweight	3 × 236 mL of skim milk and 1 × 236 mL of 1% low-fat chocolate milk/d	Usual diet with 3 × 200 mL of sugar-sweetened beverage and 236 mL of milk/d	4	Provided weekly	Height, weight, % body fat, waist and hip circumferences, MRI	R, P
Vogel et al., 2017, USA (37)	8–15.9	181 (overweight 47; healthy weight 55)	64; early pubertal, low amounts of dairy (<800 mg Ca/d)	3 servings (equivalent to ∼900 mg Ca)/d of milk, yogurt, or cheese	Habitual diet	18	Provided biweekly	Height, weight, waist circumference, pubertal staging, bone mass, body composition (DXA), biochemical values	R, P
Volek et al., 2003, USA (38)	13–17	28 (14)	0; RT (3 d/wk)	3 servings (708 mL or 24 fl oz) 1% fluid milk/d	Habitual diet with unfortified juice	3	Provided weekly	Anthropometric measures, body composition (DXA), bone density, dietary intakes, performance measures	R, P

¹B, blind; BAZ, BMI-for-age z-score; BIA, bioimpedance analysis; DB, double-blind; fl, fluid; HOMA, homeostatic model assessment; oz, ounces; P, parallel; PC, placebo-controlled; R, randomized; ref, reference; RT, resistance training; UHT, ultra-high temperature; %MF, percentage of milk fat.

²The mean age range is provided for studies that presented mean age separately for each group (control and intervention).

³The multiple intervention numbers represent the number of participants in different intervention groups.

⁴Mean ± SD.