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. 2019 Mar 11;10(2):331–344. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmy080

TABLE 2.

Summary of evidence indicating positive (Inline graphic), null (Inline graphic), or negative (Inline graphic) anemia outcomes among women of reproductive age, school-aged children, and children aged <5 y by AHC exposures within reviewed studies1

AHC exposure Anemia outcomes (within all studies)2 Anemia outcomes (excluding high bias studies)3 Summary of evidence (excluding high bias studies)3,4
Women of reproductive age
 Pastoral livelihood Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Positive/negative
 Livestock ownership (aggregated) Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic NA/negative
  Chickens Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic NA/negative
  Goats Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic NA/positive
  Sheep Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic NA/positive
  Cattle Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic NA
 Animal production intervention Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Positive
 Fish intervention graphic file with name nmy080ufig1.jpg graphic file with name nmy080ufig1.jpg Positive
School-aged children
 Fishing livelihood graphic file with name nmy080ufig1.jpg  − Unclear
 Livestock ownership (aggregated)  −  −  −
  Chickens graphic file with name nmy080ufig3.jpg graphic file with name nmy080ufig3.jpg Negative
 Fish/animal production intervention graphic file with name nmy080ufig1.jpg  − Unclear
Children aged <5 y
 Pastoral livelihood Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Positive
 Livestock ownership (aggregated) graphic file with name nmy080ufig3.jpg graphic file with name nmy080ufig3.jpg Negative
  Chickens Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Negative
  Goats graphic file with name nmy080ufig2.jpg graphic file with name nmy080ufig2.jpg NA
  Sheep graphic file with name nmy080ufig2.jpg graphic file with name nmy080ufig2.jpg NA
  Cattle graphic file with name nmy080ufig2.jpg graphic file with name nmy080ufig2.jpg NA
 Hunting by household member graphic file with name nmy080ufig3.jpg  − Unclear
 Fish/animal production Inline graphic Inline graphic graphic file with name nmy080ufig2.jpg NA
 Animal production intervention Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Positive
1

AHC, animal husbandry and capture; Hb, hemoglobin; NA, no association.

2

A single study may be listed more than once if the authors analyzed multiple AHC exposures separately.

3

Includes only those studies judged as having “low” or “unclear” risk of bias based on the risk of bias assessment (Supplemental Table 2).

4

Positive indicates better anemia status (lower anemia or higher Hb concentration in the exposed versus comparison population), negative indicates worse anemia status, NA indicates no association, and unclear indicates insufficient evidence to determine an overall effect. Significance values from individual studies were not considered for the summary of evidence assessment, but rather this evidence assessment reflects a general trend of association between the respective AHC exposures and anemia.