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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2018 Sep 13;18(1):e8–e19. doi: 10.1016/j.clcc.2018.09.003

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Mechanism of adenosine pathway in tumor microenvironment. Adenosine is autonomously produced from ATP through ADP via CD39 and CD73 expressed mainly on the surface of cancer cells, B cells or Tregs. The work of extracellular adenosine is mainly divided into two directions. For immune cells, adenosine has a potent immunosuppressive ability through A2AR and A2BR. For cancer cells, adenosine stimulates tumor growth and metastasis through A2BR. Abbreviations: CTL, cytotoxic lymphocyte; DC, dendritic cell; NK, natural killer; M2, M2 macrophage; MDSC, myeloid derived suppressor cell; Th1, T helper 1; Th17, T helper 17; Treg, regulatory T cell.