Table 1.
Means, standard deviations, ranges, and percentages showing demographic data of the two groups of participants and their performance at the non-verbal reasoning and phonological short-term memory tasks.
| General Information | TLDs (N = 11) |
DLDs (N = 11) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | (SD) | Min–Max | M | (SD) | Min–Max | |
| Age | 8.79 | (0.78) | [8.02–10.06] | 8.59 | (1.35) | [7.00–10.03] |
| Raven’s Matrices (raw) | 30.46 | (2.54) | [34–41] | 28.36 | (3.56) | [21–36] |
| Digit Span Forward (span)∗ | 5.64 | (0.81) | [5–7] | 4.64 | (0.81) | [4–6] |
| Frequency | Percent | Frequency | Percent | |||
| Gender | ||||||
| Males | 6 | 55 | 6 | 55 | ||
| Females | 5 | 45 | 5 | 45 | ||
| Manual dominance | ||||||
| Right | 11 | 100 | 9 | 82 | ||
| Left | 0 | 0 | 2 | 18 | ||
| Parents’ education | ||||||
| High | 5 | 45 | 2 | 18 | ||
| Low | 6 | 55 | 9 | 82 | ||
| Reading in Families (number of books) | ||||||
| <80 | 5 | 46 | 8 | 73 | ||
| >80 | 6 | 54 | 3 | 27 | ||
| The children are more exposed to | ||||||
| Italian | 3 | 27 | 1 | 9 | ||
| German | 5 | 46 | 4 | 36 | ||
| Both | 3 | 27 | 6 | 55 | ||
| The father talks to his child in | ||||||
| Italian | 8 | 73 | 9 | 82 | ||
| German | 1 | 9 | 2 | 18 | ||
| Both | 2 | 18 | 0 | 0 | ||
| The child answers to his/her father in | ||||||
| Italian | 8 | 73 | 8 | 73 | ||
| German | 1 | 9 | 2 | 18 | ||
| Both | 2 | 18 | 1 | 9 | ||
| The mother talks to her child in | ||||||
| Italian | 2 | 18 | 3 | 27 | ||
| German | 8 | 73 | 8 | 73 | ||
| Both | 1 | 9 | 0 | 0 | ||
| The child answers to his/her mother in | ||||||
| Italian | 2 | 18 | 3 | 27 | ||
| German | 8 | 73 | 8 | 73 | ||
| Both | 1 | 9 | 0 | 0 | ||
Asterisks show when a group-related difference was significant. Legend: DLDs, children with Developmental Language Disorders; TLD, children with Typical Language Development.