Table 2.
Effect of endogenous glycine betaine under abiotic stress conditions.
| Crop | Abiotic stress | Effect of endogenous GB under abiotic stress conditions | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Amaranthus tricolor | Salt stress | Osmotic adaptation to salinity | Wang and Nii, 2000 |
| Beta vulgaris | Salt stress | Maintenance of the intra-cellular osmotic balance between the cytoplasm and Na+ in the vacuole, protection of cytosolic enzymes from Na+ toxicity | Subbarao et al., 2001 |
| Beta vulgaris | Water stress | Osmotic adjustment | Chołuj et al., 2008 |
| Hordeum maritimum | Salt stress | Osmotic balance and protection of leaves from oxidative stress during the first phases of salt stress | Ferchichi et al., 2018 |
| Hordeum vulgare | Cold stress | Improved survival of leaf laminae | Kishitani et al., 1994 |
| Spinacia oleracea | Salt stress | Control of cellular osmotic potential | Di Martino et al., 2003 |
| Morus alba | Salt stress | Osmotic adjustment | Agastian et al., 2000 |
| Oryza sativa | Drought stress | Maintenance of RWC and GSH/GSSG ratio, lower reduction of K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ content | Basu et al., 2010 |
| Prosopis alba | Salt stress | Osmotic adjustment | Meloni et al., 2004 |
| Spinacia oleracea | Salt stress | Protection of the oxygen-evolving Photosystem II complex | Papageorgiou et al., 1991 |
| Spinacia oleracea | Salt stress | Osmotic adjustment and maintenance of photosynthetic capacity | Robinson and Jones, 1986 |
| Triticum aestivum | Cold stress | Protection of plasma membrane | Zhang et al., 2010 |
| Triticum aestivum L. cv. Glenlea | Freezing stress | Increased freezing tolerance | Allard et al., 1998 |
| Triticum aestivum | Salt stress | Higher RWC and higher activity of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, GR, and CAT | Sairam et al., 2002 |
| Triticum durum | Salt stress | Function as osmolyte to balance water potential within root and shoot tissues | Carillo et al., 2005 |
| Triticum durum | Salt stress | Protection of photosynthesis, increased nitrogen metabolism enzyme activities and ROS scavenging in young leaf tissues | Carillo et al., 2008, 2011 |
| Triticum durum | Salt stress | Osmotic adjustment of root tissues of plants grown under low nitrate and salinity | Annunziata et al., 2017 |