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. 2019 Mar 13;9:4407. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36344-w

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The intervention of AKF-PD initiated at 5-weeks reduces activation of the AGE and PKC pathways. Mice with the indicated genotypes were treated as indicated (n = 6 per group). Renal AGEs (A), RAGE (B), Fibronectin (C), NOX4 (D), PKCα, and PKCβ expressions were determined; typical images are provided (B–F); the expression of individual proteins is normalized to specific GAPDH and graphed as relative alterations to db/m mice (B–F). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.0001 in comparison to db/m mice; ^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01, ^###p < 0.0001 in comparison to db/db mice.