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. 2019 Mar 13;9:4402. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-39729-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Tonic inhibition is due to effects on ICC. Schematic illustrating how tonic inhibition affects ICC. Release of nitric oxide (NO) from enteric inhibitory motor neurons activates sGC in ICC, which leads to increased cGMP, and a subsequent decrease in Ca²⁺ release from ER. Reduced Ca²⁺ release decreases Ano1 activation, which due to the electrically coupled nature of the SIP syncytium leads to reduced excitability of SMCs. Also possible, but not tested in the current study, might be direct effects of NO on SMCs that may reduce contractions via the NO-sGC-cGMP pathway, leading to desensitization of the contractile element (CE) to cytoplasmic Ca²⁺.