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. 2019 Mar 13;9:4380. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-40938-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Comparison of fecal microbiota similarity between family members taking a bath together (together group) and family members taking a bath alone (alone group). Weighted UniFrac distance of fecal microbiota between family members based on 16S rRNA gene analysis. This distance, representing the abundance of observed OTUs, reflects the similarity of the gut microbiota composition between subjects. (b) Unweighted UniFrac distance of fecal microbiota between family members based on 16 S rRNA gene analysis. This distance, based on presence or absence of each OTU, reflects the number of OTUs shared between subjects. Weighted and Unweighted UniFrac distances were analyzed by the unpaired t-test. (c) Subject age in each group.