Fig. 1.

R-cycling, IVES, and intervention protocol. (A) Upper panel: the R-cycle is shown; Middle panel: a participant is R-cycling; Lower panel: the electrodes of the IVES are shown. (B) The IVES system is shown. (C) The intervention protocol is depicted. IVES, integrated volitional control electrical stimulation; R-cycling, recumbent cycling; A1 and A2, the first and second sets of IVES in the power assist (IVES-P) mode with R-cycling, respectively; B1 and B2, the first and second sets of R-cycling alone, respectively.