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Effect of DIW temperature and pH value on the wettability behaviour of SS 316L surface, where (a) illustrates the contact angles between the 20 °C DIW’s, of pH 4, 7, and 9, and the uncoated SS 316L substrate surface, and (b–d) demonstrates the average contact angle measurements of the uncoated and coated samples using the DIW’s, at 20–60 °C, as the testing fluids.
