Table 1.

Summary of popular visualisation methods, their description, and the tools.

	Description	Example vVisualisation tools
Two-dimensional scatter plot	The scatter diagram graphs pairs of numerical data, with one variable on each axis, to look for a relationship between them. If the variables are correlated, the points will fall along a line or curve. The better the correlation, the tighter the points will hug the line.47	IGV48 UCSC49
Three-dimensional scatter plot	Three-dimensional scatter plots are used to plot data points on three axes in the attempt to show the relationship between three variables. Each row in the data table is represented by a marker whose position depends on its values in the columns set on the X, Y, and Z axes. The fourth variable can be set to correspond to the colour or size of the markers, thus adding yet another dimension to the plot.50	Medical Data Visualisation51
Heatmap	A heatmap is a graphical representation of data that uses a system of colour-coding to represent different values. A common method of visualising gene expression data is to display it as a heatmap. In heatmaps, the data are displayed in a grid where each row represents a gene and each column represents a sample. The colour and intensity of the boxes are used to represent changes in gene expression.52	ngs.plot53 Gitools54 PARADIGM55
Clustering	A cluster is a group of similar elements. Each cluster can be represented by a profile, either a summary measure such as a cluster means or one of the elements itself, which is called a medoid or centroid.56	Medical Data Visualisation51 UCSC57
Network	A network graph uses information from both the link and the node datasets to generate a graphical depiction of the network. The nodes and links in a network graph can be arranged in a variety of layout patterns.58	Cytoscape59
Genomic coordinate	Genomic coordinate can visualise single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) including their physical location relative to their host gene and the structure of the relevant transcripts to provide intuitive supplements to the understanding of their functions.60	UCSC57 IGV48 RNASeqBrowser61 GATK25 Savant Genome62
Artificial intelligence (AI)	Artificial intelligence is a term of cognitive technologies and a big forest of academic and commercial work around the science and engineering intelligent machines. Artificial intelligence has many branches with many significant connections and commonalities among them, in which machine-learning is one of the branches.15	DeepVariant63 GDC DAVE64
Virtual reality (VR)	Virtual reality is by immersing the user in a digitally created space and simulated movement in three dimensions, it should be possible to greatly increase the bandwidth of data available to our brains.65	UWS Microsoft HoloLens Visualisation