Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of 188 HIV-1 outpatients with immunological treatment failure on ART
| Variable | Viral load > 1000 copies/mL N (%) or Median [IQR] N = 79 |
Viral load < = 1000 copies/mL N (%) or Median [IQR] N = 109 |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Female | 53/79 (67.1%) | 63/109 (57.8%) | 0.20 |
| Age in years | 40 [34–46] | 42 [37–48] | 0.034 |
| Level of education | 0.44 | ||
| Informal | 47/79 (59.5%) | 71/109 (65.1%) | |
| Any primary schooling | 21/79 (26.6%) | 23/109 (21.1%) | |
| Any secondary schooling | 3/79 (3.8%) | 1/109 (0.9%) | |
| Any university | 8/79 (10.1%) | 14/109 (12.8%) | |
| Time on ART | 0.25 | ||
| 6 m–1y | 2/79 (2.5%) | 1/109 (0.9%) | |
| 1–2y | 6/79 (7.6%) | 18/109 (16.5%) | |
| 2–3y | 14/79 (17.7%) | 16/109 (14.7%) | |
| >3y | 57/79 (72.2%) | 74/109 (67.9%) | |
| ART Regimen | 0.77 | ||
| AZT/3TC/NVP | 35/79 (44.3%) | 49/109 (45.0%) | |
| AZT/3TC/EFV | 10/79 (12.7%) | 19/109 (17.4%) | |
| TDF/3TC/EFV | 22/79 (27.8%) | 28/109 (25.7%) | |
| TDF/3TC/EFV | 12/79 (15.2%) | 13/109 (11.9%) | |
| History of change ART Regimen | 34/79 (43.0%) | 40/109 (36.7%) | 0.38 |
| Peak CD4 (cells/μL) | 358 [202–506] | 450 [317–630] | 0.0027 |
| Current CD4 (cells/μL) | 104 [47–179] | 192 [125–239] | < 0.001 |
| History of stopping ART | 19/79 (24.1%) | 16/109 (14.7%) | 0.10 |
| Use of herbal/alternative medicine | 32/79 (40.5%) | 54/109 (49.5%) | 0.22 |
| Other comorbidities | 0.38 | ||
| None | 73/79 (92.4%) | 94/109 (86.2%) | |
| Hypertension | 4/79 (5.1%) | 8/109 (7.3%) | |
| Others (Diabetes, heart failure, asthma etc.) | 2/79 (2.5%) | 7/109 (6.4%) | |
| Body mass index in kg/m2 | 21.5 [18.9–25.4] | 22 [19.9–24.0] | 0.65 |
| Anemia (Hemoglobin< 12 g/dl) | 50/79 (6.3%) | 37/109 (33.9%) | < 0.001 |
| Schistosome positivity | 36/71 (50.7%) | 49/102 (48.0%) | 0.73 |
| Ln of CAA (pg/ml) | 3.05 [2.1–5.2] | 2.8 [2.0–6.1] | 0.65 |
| Years infected with HIV-1 | 8.9 [6.6–11.1] | 9.9 [7.7–11.4] | 0.068 |