Table 4.

Predictors of perceived health improvements since initiating e-cigarette use: confirmatory factor analysis with covariates model

Variable	Sensory improvement	Physical functioning	Mental health improvement
Gender	−0.32	−0.12	−0.06
Dual users	−0.56	−0.50	−0.29
Age	−0.01	−0.01	−0.01
Any adverse event due to e-cigarette use	−0.58	−0.55	−0.25
Educational level	0.07	− 0.08	− 0.09
Duration of e-cigarette use	0.23	0.24	0.12
Intensity of smoking before e-cigarette use	0.33	0.26	0.16
High nicotine content of e-liquid	0.14	−0.08	0.06
R 2	16.7%	13.6%	4.2%

Note: Partial regression coefficients. Bolded coefficients are significant at p < 0.05. Gender (0: Males, 1: Females). Dual users (0: e-cigarette-only users, 1: Dual users). Age is continuous variable. Any adverse event due to e-cigarette use (0: No adverse event, 1: Report of any adverse event). Educational level (0: Lower than college level education, 1: College or higher level of education). Duration of e-cigarette use (0: A year or less, 1: Longer than a year). Intensity of smoking before e-cigarette use (0: ≤19 cigarettes per day, 1: ≥20 cigarettes per day). High nicotine content of e-liquid (0: ≤6 mg or nicotine-free, 1: ≥7 mg nicotine)