Table 4.

Multivariate logistic regression analysis for low handgrip strength in the older adults (age ≥ 60) according to sex (N = 986)

	Men (N = 553), low HGS (N = 37)			Women (N = 433), low HGS (N = 73)
	Odds ratio	95% CI	P	Odds ratio	95% CI	P
Age, years	1.35	1.21, 1.51	< 0.001	1.15	1.09, 1.21	< 0.001
Uric acid (mg/dL)	0.69	0.48, 0.98	0.041	0.14	0.54, 1.11	0.159
Income			0.440			0.020
1st quartile	Reference			Reference
2nd quartile	0.58	0.18, 1.88	0.361	0.05	0.20, 0.98	0.045
3rd quartile	1.51	0.48, 4.77	0.487	0.22	0.06, 0.78	0.019
4th quartile	0.33	0.04, 3.17	0.340	0.31	0.09, 0.99	0.050
Current smoker	0.84	0.28, 2.55	0.754	0.90	0.14, 2.19	0.916
Alcohol (ever)	1.50	0.59, 3.86	0.398	0.71	0.36, 1.39	0.320
Physical activity (metS-h/week)			0.318			0.930
Low	Reference
Moderate	0.53	0.22, 1.32	0.172	0.95	0.49, 1.86	0.883
High	0.37	0.04, 3.32	0.377	0.76	0.36, 1.39	0.709
Resistance exercise (≥ 2 days/week)	0.37	0.09, 1.48	0.160	0.53	0.16, 1.71	0.287
Inadequate protein intake	2.68	1.06, 6.81	0.038	1.15	0.60, 2.22	0.670
BMI (kg/m2)			0.800			0.157
< 18.5	2.09	0.17, 25.5	0.564	2.51	0.37, 17.09	0.347
18.5–24.9	Reference			Reference
≥ 25	1.70	0.11, 26.78	0.708	1.32	0.19, 9.40	0.783
Hypertension	0.97	0.38, 2.48	0.956	0.63	0.31, 1.28	0.202
Diabetes	0.54	0.17, 1.78	0.543	1.15	1.09, 1.22	0.044
Cardiovascular disease	0.48	0.12, 1.89	0.482	0.55	0.14, 2.22	0.547
Metabolic syndrome	1.45	0.48, 4.33	0.510	1.46	0.72, 2.99	0.298

Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used. Sex, age, uric acid, income (quartile), current smoking, alcohol (ever), physical activity, resistance exercise, protein intake, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome were included in the model by using enter method