Table 2.

Brief Summary of Analytic Methods and Main Results of Studies Included in the Systematic Review of Longitudinal Associations Between Change in Grip Strength and Changes in Cognitive Function

First Author, Year	Statistical Method	Main Result
Christensen, 2000 (4)	Repeated measures ANOVA and latent change models	Changes in grip strength, processing speed, and memory “moved together.” Correlations among changes between grip strength and cognitive function ranged from 0.23 to 0.45 in magnitude.
Christensen, 2004 (30)	Latent growth models, growth curve analysis	Changes in grip strength and changes in cognitive function were present, ranging from r = .31 for Memory, r = .45 for SLMT, and r = .47 for SRT in magnitude.
Deary, 2011 (10)	Bivariate growth curve model	Changes in grip strength and changes in reasoning measures did not correlate.
MacDonald, 2011 (28)	Multi-level linear mixed growth models and time co-variation models	Decline in cognitive function shared significant time-varying associations with declines in grip strength.
Sternäng, 2015 (1)	Latent class analysis; linear and quadratic growth curve models and time co-variation models	Grip strength across time did not predict any cognitive decline before age 65; however, it predicted cognitive decline in all cognitive domains for over age 65 (p < .05).
Ritchie, 2016 (29)	Multivariate growth curve modeling	Changes in grip strength were not correlated with changes in cognitive function.