Table 1.

Cognitive and developmental assessments reported in PMS studies

Measure	Standardized Age Range	Administration Method	Description and Domains	PMS Studies: Cohort Descriptions	PMS Studies: Average Reported Mental Age Equivalent
Bayley Scale of Infant and Toddler Development- Third Edition (BSID-III) (Albers & Grieve, 2007)	1–42 mos.	Direct testing, with parent/caregiver input; 60 minutes	Cognitive, Language, Motor, Social/emotional, Adaptive behavior	n=4; age range: 23 mos-34 yr.; (Denayer et al., 2012)	10.4 mos.
				n=32; age range: 8–178 mos.; (Zwanenburg et al., 2016)	15.6 mos.
Snijders-Oomen Nonverbal Intelligence Test (SON) (Snijders et al., 1989)	2.5–17 yrs.	Direct testing by clinician; 50 minutes	Nonverbal: Spatial, Insight, Reasoning abilities	n=1; age: 108 mos.; (Denayer et al., 2012)	36–42 mos.
Leiter International Performance Scale-Revised (LIPS) (Roid & Miller, 2011)	3–75 yrs.	Direct testing by clinician; 20–45 minutes	Nonverbal: Reasoning, Visualization, Memory, Attention	n=1; age: 59 mos.; (Simenson, Oiglane-Shlik, Teek, Kuuse, & Ounap, 2014)	41 mos.
				n=2; (Soorya et al., 2013)	AE N/A
				n=2; age range: 71–109 mos.; (Kolevzon, Bush, et al., 2014)	33.5 mos.
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-III) (Wechsler, 1991)	6–16 yrs.	Direct testing; 48–65 minutes	Verbal Comprehension, Freedom from distractibility, perceptual organization, Processing speed	(n=1) (Simenson et al., 2014)	AE N/A
				n=1; age: 104 mos.; (Philippe et al., 2008)	IQ: 51
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scales of Intelligence, Third Edition (WPPSI-III) (Wechsler, 2002)	2:6–7:7 yrs.	Clinician administered & rated; 45–60 minutes	Verbal, Fluid reasoning, Working memory, Processing speed	n=1; age: 119 mos.; (Zwanenburg et al., 2016)	52 mos.
Griffiths Mental Developmental Scale (GMDS) (Griffiths, 1976)	Birth-8 yrs.	Direct testing by clinician; 50–60 minutes	Development in: Locomotor, Personal-social, Hearing & language, Eye and hand coordination, Performance, Practical reasoning	(n=1) (Simenson et al., 2014)	AE N/A
Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale- Fifth Edition (SB-5) (Roid, 2003)	2–85 yrs.	Direct testing by clinician; 50 minutes	Fluid reasoning, Knowledge, Quantitative reasoning, Visual-spatial processing, Working memory IQ scales: Verbal, Nonverbal, Full	(n=1) (Soorya et al., 2013)	AE N/A
Parental Involvement Project (PIP) Developmental Charts (Jeffree & McConkey, 1998)	Birth-60 mos.	Parent/Caregiver rated	Gross motor, Fine motor, Self-care, Play, Language	(n=35) (Jeffries et al., 2005)	AE N/A
Battelle Developmental, Inventory (BDI) (Newborg, Stock, Wnek, Guidubaldi, & Svinicki, 1988)	Birth-7 yrs.	Direct testing by clinician; 90 minutes	Personal-social, Adaptive, Motor, Communication, Cognitive	n= 20; age range: 2–26 years; (Phelan et al., 2001)	Cognitive AE: 9.3 mos. Motor AE: 11.3 mos.
Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) (Mullen, 1995)	Birth-68 mos.	Direct testing by clinician; 40–60 minutes	Gross motor, Visual perception, Fine motor, Expressive language, Receptive language	n= 27; age range: 1.6–45 years; (Soorya et al., 2013)	Receptive AE: 11.63 mos. Expressive AE: 7.52 mos. Fine Motor AE: 14.89 mos. Gross Motor AE: 17.95 mos.
				n=24; age range: 2–11 years; (Mieses et al., 2016)	Mean DQ: 29.2
				n=7; age range: 61–177 mos.; (Kolevzon, Bush, et al., 2014)	12.7 mos.
Psychoeducational, Profile Revised (PEP-R) (E Schopler et al., 1990)	6 mos. - 7 yrs. (functional level) 6 mos. - 12 yrs. (chronological age)	Direct testing by clinician; 45–90 minutes	Imitation, Perception, Fine motor, Gross motor, Hand-eye integration, Cognitive performance, Cognitive verbal; Behavioral assessment: Play, Affect, Interest in materials, Sensory, Language	n=7; age range: 51–136 mos.;(Philippe et al., 2008)	Cognitive performance AE: 23.7 mos. Cognitive Verbal AE: 15 mos.

AE = age equivalent

DQ = developmental quotient

IQ = intellectual quotient

Mos. = months

N/A = not available or not reported

PMS = Phelan-McDermid Syndrome

Yrs. = years