Table 2.
Maximum reported concentrations of selected antibiotics detected in manure, sewage sludge, biosolids, and soil.
| Class | Antibiotic | Concentration | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| MANURE, μg/kg | |||
| Fluoroquinolones | Ciprofloxacin | 45,000 | Zhao et al., 2010 |
| Enrofloxacin | 1,420 | ||
| Fleroxacin | 99,000 | ||
| Norfloxacin | 225,000 | ||
| Macrolides | Tylosin | 7,000–8,100 | Dolliver et al., 2008; Berendsen et al., 2015 |
| Sulfonamides | Sulfadiazine | 91,000 | Martínez-Carballo et al., 2007 |
| Sulfadimidine | 20,000 | ||
| Tetracyclines | Chlortetracycline | 764,000 | Massé et al., 2014 |
| Oxytetracycline | 354,000 | Chen et al., 2012 | |
| Tetracycline | 98,000 | Pan et al., 2011 | |
| SEWAGE SLUDGE, μg/kg dw | |||
| Diaminopyrimidines | Trimethoprim | 133 | Göbel et al., 2005 |
| Fluoroquinolones | Ciprofloxacin | 426 (8,905) | Lillenberg et al., 2010; Li et al., 2013 |
| Macrolides | Azithromycin | 1.3–158 | Göbel et al., 2005; Li et al., 2013 |
| Sulfonamides | Sulfadimethoxine | 0–20 (22.7) | Lillenberg et al., 2010; Li et al., 2013 |
| Tetracyclines | – | 8,326 | Cheng et al., 2014 |
| BIOSOLIDS, μg/kg dw | |||
| Lincosamides | Lincomycin | 2.6 | Ding et al., 2011 |
| Macrolides | Azithromycin | 14 (6,500) | Jones-Lepp and Stevens, 2007 |
| Erythromycin | 41 (6,500) | Kinney et al., 2006 | |
| Sulfonamides | 650 | US EPA, 2009 | |
| Tetracyclines | Oxytetracycline | 743.6 (8,700) | US EPA, 2009; Ding et al., 2011 |
| SOIL, μg/kg | |||
| Fluoroquinolones | Ciprofloxacin | 5,600 | Thiele-Bruhn, 2003; Martínez-Carballo et al., 2007; Karci and Balcioglu, 2009; Hu et al., 2010; Van Doorslaer et al., 2014; Pan and Chu, 2017b |
| Difloxacin | 21.5 | ||
| Enrofloxacin | 1,347.6 | ||
| Norfloxacin | 2,160 | ||
| Ofloxacin | 898 | ||
| Ionophores | Monensin | 0.0004 | |
| Lincosamides | Lincomycin | 0.117 | |
| Macrolides | Enrofloxacin | 22.93 | Thiele-Bruhn, 2003; Leal et al., 2012; Tasho and Cho, 2016; Pan and Chu, 2017b |
| Erythromycin | 7.2 | ||
| Tylosin | 1,250 | ||
| Sulfonamides | Sulfachloropyridazine | 52.9 | Thiele-Bruhn, 2003; Dolliver et al., 2007; Karci and Balcioglu, 2009; Hu et al., 2010; Carter et al., 2014; Pan and Chu, 2017b |
| Sulfadiazine | 85.5 | ||
| Sulfadimethoxine | 40.4 | ||
| Sulfadoxine | 9.1 | ||
| Sulfamethoxazole | 54.5 | ||
| Sulfamethazine | 200–25,000 | ||
| Sulfamonomethoxine | 5.37 | ||
| Sulfapyridine | 5.11 | ||
| Tetracyclines | Chlortetracycline Doxycycline Oxytetracycline Tetracycline |
12,900 728 50,000 2,683 |
Hamscher et al., 2002; Thiele-Bruhn, 2003; Karci and Balcioglu, 2009; Hu et al., 2010; Liu et al., 2016; Tasho and Cho, 2016; Pan and Chu, 2017b; Łukaszewicz et al., 2018 |
dw, dry weight.