Table 5.
Effects of the selected antibiotics on the enzyme activities in soils with different characteristics.
| Antibiotic | Dosage (mg/kg soil) | Type of soil/origin | Main properties of soil | Experimental conditions | Effect (comparison with control, non-treated soil) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1–300 | Silt loam (China) | OC 18.2 g/kg, pH 5,7 | 25°C, 60% WHC, 22 days | Inhibition of acid PHOS during the 22-day experiment | Liu et al., 2009 | |
| Chlortetracycline | 10 and 100 | No data (China) | Sand 42.95%, silt 43.43%, clay 13.65%, pH 7.6, OC 20.7 g/kg | 25°C, 50% WHC, 45 days, DOM addition at 40 mg C/kg | Inhibition of DHA until day 12; decrease of acid PHOS on days 6 and 12 at 10 and 100 mg/kg, respectively; inhibition of URE by 100 mg/kg on day 45 | Liu et al., 2014 |
| 1–100 | No data (China) | 25°C, 50% WHC, 45 days | Stimulation of all enzyme activities on the first day and then inhibition of DHA and URE up to 45 days; slight effect on PHOS | Liu et al., 2015 | ||
| Lincomycin | 5–200 | Silt loam (USA) | Clay 23.4–26.2%, pH 6.7–7.3, OC 19.3–26.0 g/kg | 25°C, 35% WHC, 63 days | Low DHA at 50 and 200 mg/kg and thereafter increase in all treatments; FDA at 50 and 200 mg/kg significantly higher on day 7 | Unger et al., 2013 |
| Oxyteracycline | 1–200 | Loam (China) | Sand 52.2%, silt 38.6%, clay 9.2%, pH 8.3, OM 1.2% | 20–27°C (day) and 15–20°C (night), 50–70% WHC, manure addition at 30 mg/g, 7 weeks | DHA, ARYL, PHOS, and URE decreased with increasing concentrations of OTC | Chen et al., 2013 |
| 5–200 | Silt loam (USA) | Clay 23.4–26.2%, pH 6.7–7.3, OC 19.3–26.0 g/kg | 25°C, 35% WHC, 63 days | DHA declined at 50 and 200 mg/kg up to day 35 and recovered on day 63; FDA at 200 mg/kg significantly higher on day 7 and recovered on day 14 | Unger et al., 2013 | |
| 10–70 | Wheat rhizosphere soil (China) | No data | 30 days | Among alkaline PHOS, acid PHOS, DHA, and URE, only alkaline PHOS was higher at 10 mg/kg but further decreased at the dosage over 30 mg/kg | Yang et al., 2009 | |
| 1–30 | Alfisol (China) | Sand 7.7%, silt 77.5%, clay 14.8%, pH 6.24, OM 2.4%, CEC 12.3 cmol/kg, OTC 37.3 μg/kg | 25°C, 60% WHC, 120 days | Stimulation of DHA on day 14 and decrease by 120 days; no marked effect on PHOS and URE over the 120-day experiment | Ma et al., 2016 | |
| 10–1,000 | Luvisol (Germany) | Sand 68.4%, silt 20.4%, clay 9.9%, pH 7.1, OC 1.6%, CEC 13.1 cmol/kg | 20–25°C, 50% WHC, 14 days | No detectable effect on DHA | Thiele-Bruhn and Beck, 2005 | |
| Cmabisol (Germany) | Sand 80.9%, silt 15.9%, clay 3.1%, pH 6.6, OC 0.8%, CEC 5.3 cmol/kg | |||||
| Penicillin G | 100 and 600 | Loamy soil (Russia) | pH 7.7, humus 4.1%, Ntot 0.25%, P 28.8, Ktot 2.06% | 20–25°C, 60% WHC, 120 days | Inhibition of CAT, DHA, PHOS, and INV (20–70% of the control) | Akimenko et al., 2015 |
| Sulfadimethoxine+sulfamethoxazole+sulfamethazine | 0.09–900 | Sandy loam (USA) | Sand 85.5%, silt 8.5%, clay 6.6%, pH 6.31, OC 0.86%, CEC 8.1 cmol+/kg | 20°C, 21 days, glucose and/or manure addition | DHA and URE activities decreased with higher concentrations | Gutiérrez et al., 2010 |
| Sulfadiazine | 10 and 100 | Luvisol (China) | Sand 58.4%, silt 21.7%, clay 19.9%, pH 6.24, OM 3.56%, CEC 5.38 cmol/kg | 25°C, 25% WHC, manure addition at 40 mg/kg, 28 days | Inhibition of FDA by both dosages; DHA was significantly inhibited at 10 and 100 mg/kg within 14 days, a significant increase of DHA at 10 mg/kg after 28 days | Xu et al., 2016 |
| Endogleyic Cambisol (Germany) | Sand 73.3%, silt 23.1%, clay 3.6%, pH 4.8, OC 1% | 10°C, 50% WHC, manure addition at 20, 40, and 80 g/kg, 32 days | No significant impact on β-GLU; declined URE | Hammesfahr et al., 2011 | ||
| Sulfamethoxazole | 1–300 | Silt loam (China) | OC 18.2 g/kg, pH 5,7 | 25°C, 60% WHC, 22 days | Decline in acid PHOS during the 22-day experiment | Liu et al., 2009 |
| 5 | Silt loam (New Zeland) | Sand 9%, silt 54%, clay 37%, pH 6.7, OC 5% | 25°C, 60% WHC, 36 days | DHA was not affected by antibiotic; an increase in the DHA | Srinivasan and Sarmah, 2014 | |
| Clay loam (New Zeland) | Sand 13.7%, silt 51%, clay 30.4%, pH 5.8, OC 4% | |||||
| Silt loam (New Zeland) | Sand 34%, silt 48%, clay 17%, pH 5.7, OC 8.2% | |||||
| Sulfamethazine | 1–300 | Silt loam (China) | OC 18.2 g/kg, pH 5,7 | 25°C, 60% WHC, 22 days | Inhibition of acid PHOS during 22 days | Liu et al., 2009 |
| 53.6 | Sandy loam (Italy) | Sand 72.7%, silt 10.6%, clay 16.6%, pH 7.8, OC 2.8% | 7 days | A significant decrease of DHA (41%) and URE (38%) after 1 day and this effect disappeared after 7 days | Pinna et al., 2012 | |
| Sand 81.7%, silt 5.9%, clay 12.2%, pH 5.3, OC 1.7% | A significant decrease of DHA (17%) and URE (27%) after 1 day and this effect disappeared after 7 days | |||||
| Sulfapyridine | 10–1,000 | Luvisol (Germany) | Sand 68.4%, silt 20.4%, clay 9.9%, pH 7.1, OC 1.6%, CEC 13.1 cmol/kg | 20–25°C, 50% WHC, 14 days | No detectable effect on DHA | Thiele-Bruhn and Beck, 2005 |
| Cmabisol (Germany) | Sand 80.9%, silt 15.9%, clay 3.1%, pH 6.6, OC 0.8%, CEC 5.3 cmol/kg | |||||
| Tetracycline | 1–300 | Silt loam (China) | OC 18.2 g/kg, pH 5,7 | 25°C, 60% WHC, 22 days | Inhibition of acid PHOS during 22 days | Liu et al., 2009 |
| 100 and 500 | Clay (Italy) | Sand 39.4%, silt 19.2%, clay 41.4%, pH 5.8, OM 6.9% | 20°C, 60 days | Decrease in FDA after 2 days; this effect disappeared after 7 days | Chessa et al., 2016b | |
| Sand (Italy) | Sand 72.7%, silt 10.6%, clay 16.6%, pH 7.6, OM 4.9% | |||||
| Trimethoprim | 1–300 | Silt loam (China) | OC 18.2 g/kg, pH 5,7 | 25°C, 60% WHC, 22 days | Inhibition of acid PHOS during 22 days | Liu et al., 2009 |
| Tylosin | 1–300 | Silt loam (China) | OC 18.2 g/kg, pH 5,7 | 25°C, 60% WHC, 22 days | Decline in acid PHOS during the 22-day experiment | Liu et al., 2009 |
| 100 and 600 | Loamy soil (Russia) | pH 7.7, humus 4.1%, Ntot 0.25%, P 28.8, Ktot 2.06% | 20–25°C, 60% WHC, 120 days | Suppressing effect on CAT, DHA, PHOS, and INV (20–70% of the control) | Akimenko et al., 2015 | |
| Vancomycin | 1 and 10 | Sandy loam (Poland) | Sand 67%, silt 24%, clay 9%, pH 6.9, WHC 43%, OC 1.6%, CEC 10 cmol/kg | 22°C, 50% WHC, 90 days | A negative impact on days 1, 15, and 30 as was showed by a decrease in the values of DHA, PHOS and URE (6–32%) | Cycoń et al., 2018 |
ARYL, arylsulfatase; CAT, catalase; CEC, cation exchange capacity; DHA, dehydrogenase; FDA, fluorescein diacetate; β-GLU, β-glucosidase; INV, invertase; OC, organic carbon; OM, organic matter; PHOS, phosphatase; URE, urease; WHC, water holding capacity.