Table 2.

Summary of biomarker candidate proteins in extracellular vesicles from different cancers

Cancer type	Cancer-specific EV proteins	Isolation of EVs	Characterization	Sample source	References
Bladder cancer	EDIL-3	UC	WB, TEM	TCC, T24, SV-HUC, and urine	Beckham et al.59
		UC	TEM, NTA	TCCSUP, T24, UMUC3, RT3 SVHUC, and urine	Silvers et al.60
	ITGB1, ITGA6, CD36, CD44, CD73, CD10, MUC1, BSG, and 5T4	UC	NTA, TEM, and WB	HT1376, urine	Welton et al.34
		UC	NTA, TEM, and WB	T24, FL3, and SLT4	Jeppesen et al.61
Colon cancer	HGS	ExoQuick	NTA, TEM, and WB	HCT116	Sun et al.62
	Clstn1, VCP, and RuVB-like1 (O-GlcNAcylation)	UC	TEM, WB	CCD841, HT29, SW480, and SW620	Chaiyawat et al.63
	F2	BDG	NTA, TEM, and WB	SW480, SW620	Schillaci et al.64
	YWHAZ	UC		HCT116, patient colon tumor	Hillary et al.65
	ACACA	UC		Citrus-limon, SW480	Raimondo et al.66
		UC	NTA, WB	SW620	Guo et al.67
	EPCAM-CLDN7 and TNIK-RAP2A	BDG	NTA, TEM, and WB	SW480, SW620	Ji et al.53
		BDG	NTA, TEM, and WB	Patient tumor	Choi et al.26
		BDG	NTA, TEM, and WB	HT-29	Choi et al.27
	GPA33, CDH17, CEA, EpCAM, PCNA, EGFR, MUC13, MINK1, KRT18, MAPK4, CLDN (1, 3, and 7), CEP55, EFNB1, and EFNB2		TEM, WB	LIM1215 cells, urine, mast and cells	Suresh et al.33
		UC	NTA, TEM, and WB	Dks-8, DLD-1, and DKO-1	Demory et al.68
		BDG	NTA, TEM, and WB	SW480, SW620	Choi et al.69
	DKK4 and DNMT3A	UC	TEM, WB	SW480, SW480APC	Lim et al.70
	MAC2BP, ALIX, 14–3–3 isoforms, PFN1, CALU, and IL-8	UC	TEM	LIM1215 cells	Ji et al.71
Prostate cancer		UC	DLS, TEM	pc3-HSP27, HEK-293	Rauschenberger et al.72
		UC		PC3, DU145, VCaP, LNCaP, C4–2, and RWPE-1	Hosseini-Beheshti et al.73
	THBS1, GSN, and ITGB1	UC	WB	LNCaP	Soekmadji et al.74
	ITGB4 and VCL	UC, CD9 antibody magnetic beads	NTA, WB, and TEM	PC-3	Kawakami et al.75
	CD9	UC	TEM, WB	LNCaP, DUCaP PCa cells, and plasma	Soekmadji et al.76
		UC	TEM, WB, and NTA	DU145 Tax-Sen, DU145 Tax-Res	Kharaziha et al.77
	CD151 and CDCP1	UC		PC-3	Sandvig et al.78
	PDCD6IP, FASN, XPO1, and ENO1	UC, SG	TEM, WB	PNT2C2, RWPE1, PC346C, and VCaP	Duijvesz et al.30
		UC		Osteoblasts	Bilen et al.79
Lung cancer	AKT and ERK1/2	UC	WB	H3255, H1650	Van et al.80
	AKT1, GSK3B, EIF4E, MTOR, RELA, and RAS	BDG	TEM, WB	PC9, PC9R	Choi et al.81
	ALLIX, TSG101, CD3, EGFR, SRC, KRAS, and NRP1	PEG precipitation, UC, and BDG	TEM, WB	A54, HCC827, and HBEC	Clark et al.39
	P53 and EGFR	qEV	TRPS, TEM, and WB	30KTp53/EGFR	Lobb et al.82
HCC		ExoQuick	TEM, WB	Hep3B, 97 H, and LM3	Zhang et al.83
	RRAS, CD44, CDC42, and CLND3	UC	WB	HKCI-C3, HKCI-8, MHCC97L and MIHA	He et al.84
		UC	NTA, TEM, and WB	HepG2	Wang et al.43
		UC	WB, EM	Huh7.5.1 Huh7-ET	Ramakrishnaiah et al.85
Breast cancer		UC	TEM	Plasma, bone metastasis explant-conditioned media, and pleural effusion	Tucker et al.86
		vn96 affinity capture of EV	WB and TEM	SKBR3, MCF-7, and MCF-10a	Griffiths et al.87
		Free-flow electrophoresis		SKBR3 (hypoxia, normoxia)	Thomas et al.88
		UC	TEM, WB, and NTA	MCF-7, MDA-MB-231	Harris et al.32
	DEL-1			Plasma, MDA-MB-231	Moon et al.89
	EDIL3	BDG	NTA, TEM, and WB	MCF-7, MDA-MB-231	Lee et al.29
	IL-6, TNFa, GCSF, and CCL2	UC	TEM, WB, and FC	MCF10A, MDA-MB-231, and MCF7	Chow et al.90
	POSTN	UC, SG	NTA, TEM, and WB	MCF7, MDA-MB-231, 67NR, 4T1, and plasma	Vardaki et al.91
		UC	TEM, WB, and NTA	cal51 TNBC	Kavanagh et al.92
		UC	TEM, WB	MDA-MB-231 cells	Palazzolo et al.37
	MTDH and CP	UC	TEM, WB, and NTA	4T1, 4T1.2, 67NR, and 66cl4	Gangoda et al.93
		UC	TEM, DLS, and WB	VCaP	Domenyuk et al.94
Ovarian cancer		UC	TEM, WB	OVCAR3, OVCAR433, OVCAR5, and SKOV3	Sinha et al.95
		UC	WB, TEM	SKOV3, OVM	Escrevente et al.96
	G6PD and TKT	UC	WB, TEM	OVCA429, HO8910PM	Yi et al.97
		UC	TEM, WB	OVCAR-3, IGROV1	Liang et al.41
		UC	TEM, WB	SKOV3, CAOV3, and HUVEC	Yi et al.98
Pancreatic cancer	EGFR	UC	WB	BxPC3, MiaPaca2, and Panc1	Adamczyk et al.99
	ZIP4	SBI ExoQuick‐TC Kit	TEM, WB	PC‐1.0 (highly malignant), PC‐1 (moderately malignant)	Jin et al.100
	CEACAMs and ECM proteins	UC	TEM	Pancreatic duct fluid	Zheng et al.101
		UC, SG	EM	SOJ-6, BxPC-3, MiaPaCa-2, and Panc-1	Ristorcelli et al.36
	MYOF	UC	DLS, TEM, and WB	MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, BT-549, Hs 578 T, MCF7, MCF-10A, ZR-75–1, BT-474, SK-BR-3, and CFPAC-1	Blomme et al.102
		BDG	TEM, WB	Panc1, BxPc3, MiaPaca2, and HPSC	Klein-Scory et al.103
	MIF	UC	NTA	PKCY, PAN02	Costa-Silva et al.31
		UC, SG	TEM, WB	Panc02, Panc02-H7 cells	Yu et al.104
	CLDN4, EPCAM, CD151, LGALS3BP, HIST2H2BE, and HIST2H2BF	UC	WB	13 human PDAC, 2 non-neoplastic cell lines	Castillo et al.105
	PLEC	UC, ExoQuick-TC	DLS, TEM, and WB	PDAC, C6 glioma cells, and HPDE	Shin et al.106
	WNT5B	BDG, SG	EM	CHO, Caco-2 cells	Harada et al.46
CCA		UC	TEM, WB	Human bile, H69 cell line	Chaiyadet et al.107
	S100A6, LUM, LCP1, YWHAZ, and VIM	UC	TEM	Hamster liver tissue, KKU055	Khoontawad et al.108
		UC	TEM, WB	KKU-100, KKU-M213, and H69	Dutta et al.42
Blood cancer	MARCKS	UC, SG	CM, FACS	K562, LAMA84	Taverna et al.109
	VCP	UC	TEM	U937, Mec1	Bosque et al.56
		UC	WB, FC	Primary CLL cells	Paggetti et al.110
	DNMT1 and HELLS	UC	NTA, FC	Molm-14, HL-60, and OP9 cells	Huan et al.111
	MHC-1, MHC-2, HSC70, HSP90, and ICMA-1	UC	TEM, WB	Raji cells	Yao et al.40
Oral cancer		ExoQuick	NTA, TEM	HUVEC, SCC15	Andrade et al.112
	NAP1	Ultrafiltration	NTA, TEM, WB, and CM	CAL 27, SCC-25	Wang et al.44
	HSP90	UC	TEM, NTA	HSC-3, HSC-3-M3	Ono et al.113

WB western blotting, TEM transmission electron microscopy, NTA nanoparticle tracking analysis, DLS dynamic light scattering, TRPS tunable resistive pulse sensing, FC flow cytometry, CM confocal microscopy