Table 1.
Characteristics of the sample GHS (N = 7974).
| PHQ12 0–1 (N = 2825) 35.4% | PHQ12 2–3 (N = 1978) 24.8% | PHQ12 4–5 (N = 1392) 17.5% | PHQ12 > 5 (N = 1779) 22.3% | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic | |||||
| Sex (% women) | 38.7 (1092) | 47.0 (929) | 54.3 (756) | 63.0 (1121) | <0.0001 |
| Age (years) (SD) | 58.5 (10.6) | 59.6 (10.5) | 60.4 (10.6) | 61.0 (10.5) | <0.0001 |
| SES (SD) | 13.72 (4.49) | 13.17 (4.40) | 12.56 (4.40) | 11.72 (4.23) | <0.0001 |
| Partnership (%) | 87.5 (2330/2662) | 86.2 (1600/1857) | 86.3 (1116/1293) | 83.4 (1388/1664) | 0.00037 |
| Unemployment (%) | 0.9 (24/2823) | 1.0 (20/1975) | 1.5 (21/1389) | 2.0 (36/1777) | 0.00028 |
| Additional cardiovascular risk factors | |||||
| Hypertension (%) | 51.4 (1451/2824) | 53.0 (1048/1976) | 58.4 (812/1391) | 59.1 (1052/1779) | <0.0001 |
| Obesity (%) | 20.7 (586/2825) | 25.7 (508/1978) | 27.0 (375/1390) | 33.7 (600/1778) | <0.0001 |
| Smoking (%) | 14.5 (410/2825) | 15.2 (300/1977) | 15.0 (209/1392) | 16.7 (297/1777) | 0.063 |
| FH of MI/Stroke (%) | 20.5 (580/2825) | 22.0 (436/1978) | 24.0 (334/1392) | 28.8 (513/1779) | <0.0001 |
| Alcohol abuse (%) | 2.2 (61/2825) | 2.4 (48/1978) | 1.9 (27/1392) | 2.3 (41/1779) | 0.96 |
| Social support | 16.00 | 15.00 | 15.00 | 14.00 | <0.0001 |
| Life events | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.60 | <0.0001 |
| Mental distress | |||||
| PHQ9 ≥ 10 (%) | 1.2 (34/2821) | 4.8 (94/1978) | 8.6 (119/1391) | 23.2 (412/1777) | <0.0001 |
| GAD2 ≥ 3 (%) | 1.5 (43/2818) | 3.9 (77/1977) | 6.6 (92/1390) | 17.4 (309/1774) | <0.0001 |
| Panic (%) | 1.6 (45/2815) | 3.4 (67/1972) | 4.9 (68/1380) | 13.2 (233/1760) | <0.0001 |
| Social Phobia (%) | 2.0 (56/2810) | 3.7 (74/1974) | 4.8 (67/1387) | 11.6 (206/1770) | <0.0001 |
| Loneliness (%) | 5.8 (163/2799) | 8.9 (175/1964) | 11.2 (154/1371) | 20.1 (355/1762) | <0.0001 |
| Somatic diseases | |||||
| Diabetes (%) | 9.2 (260/2812) | 9.2 (182/1973) | 10.6 (146/1383) | 14.2 (252/1772) | <0.0001 |
| CVD (%) | 9.2 (260/2817) | 13.6 (268/1974) | 14.9 (206/1380) | 23.4 (414/1771) | <0.0001 |
| COPD (%) | 3.4 (95/2823) | 6.4 (126/1976) | 7.2 (100/1389) | 14.6 (260/1778) | <0.0001 |
| Cancer (%) | 10.1 (284/2822) | 13.5 (267/1977) | 12.4 (173/1390) | 15.6 (278/1778) | <0.0001 |
Note: Alcohol abuse: >60/40. Life events: last 12 months. Social Phobia: Mini-Spin ≥6.