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. 2019 Mar 14;9:4428. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-40353-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Participants completed a 6-day laboratory protocol. The protocol consisted of (i) two baseline days (8:16 sleep/wake based on average sleep time two weeks before admit [AD]), (ii) a 40-hour constant routine, and (iii) two recovery days with up to 12-hour sleep opportunities before discharge (DC). White bars represent wake episodes in 100 lux, black bars represent sleep episodes in 0 lux, and grey bars represent a DLMO assessment on day 2 and the 40-h CR in <3 lux ambient light. During the CR protocol, black diamonds represent blood samples, with larger diamonds representing samples used in the current metabolomics analysis. The protocol is shown in relative clock time with a relative bedtime of midnight. Study events were scheduled relative to each individual’s pre-study self-selected wake time.