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. 2019 Mar 14;9:4428. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-40353-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Comparison of group- versus individual-level analyses. (A) The percentage of metabolites that were significantly rhythmic (black), linear (grey), or combined rhythmic and linear (blue) at the group-level (Gr.), overall for the individual-level analysis (Ind. total), and for each individual participant (A–M). (B) Acrophase and (C) slope values are shown for significant metabolites (including combined rhythmic and linear metabolites) at the group-level (Gr.) and in individual participants (A–M). Metabolites are ordered based on the number of significant cosinor or linear fits across participants, with group-significant metabolites shown first. Participants are ordered from left to right based on the greatest number of significantly rhythmic or linear metabolites at the individual-level. (D) Metabolites that were significantly rhythmic (left) or linear (right) in group- and individual-level analyses. (E) Metabolites significantly rhythmic (left) or linear (right) in almost half of individuals but were not group-significant. (F) Metabolites that were significantly rhythmic (left) or linear (right) in group-level, but not individual-level analyses (non-significance denoted by broken lines in individual-level plots). Individual participant profiles are shown in colour and the group mean (±SEM) for that metabolite is shown below in black.