Table 1.
Biological effect | Mechanism | Tumor | Refences |
---|---|---|---|
Stimulation of angiogenesis | Transfer of proangiogenic mRNAs/miRNAs | Renal carcinoma | 11 |
Transfer of miR-23a and upregulation of HIF-1α | Lung cancer | 31 | |
VEGF upregulation | Renal carcinoma | 32 | |
Induction of c-Kit, the receptor tyrosine kinase Tie2 and Met in bone marrow progenitors | Melanoma | 10 | |
Transfer of sphingomyelin, MMPs and plasminogen activator | Fibrosarcoma | 30 | |
Activation of SRC signaling | Chronic myeloid leukemia | 33 | |
Transfer of EDIL-3 and activation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling | Bladder cancer | 35 | |
Decrease in cell-to-cell adhesion | Reduction of E-cadherin and β-catenin expression | Bladder cancer | 36 |
Downregulation of tight junction protein ZO-1 mediated by miR-23a and miR-105 | Lung and breast cancer | 8, 31 | |
Increase in cell migration/invasion | Transfer of KIT | Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) | 41 |
Transfer of mRNAs/miRNAs | Renal carcinoma | 11 | |
Development of premetastatic niche |
Recruitment and reprograming of bone marrow progenitors, inducing the transforming growth factor β secretion and upregulating fibronectin production in surrounding hepatic cells Mediation of cancer stem cells stimulation of the premetastatic niche formation in the lungs |
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs) Renal carcinoma |
42 11 |
Transfer of RNAs that activated Toll-like receptor 3, promoting neutrophil recruitment in the lungs | Lung cancer | 43 | |
Induction of a prometastatic phenotype in bone marrow progenitors mediated by the expression of c-Kit, the receptor tyrosine kinase Tie2 and Met | Melanoma | 10 | |
Immune-modulation | Inhibition of dendritic cell and T-cell functions | Renal and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, pancreatic, lung and breast cancer | 29, 44 |
Promotion of tumor-supportive inflammation through the stimulation of cytokine secretion by macrophages | Gastric, breast, and prostate cancer | 44 |