Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population.
| Total n = 213 |
Men n = 153 |
Women n = 60 |
P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 56 ± 10 | 56 ± 10 | 59 ± 10 | 0.004 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | ||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 42 (20) | 31 (20) | 11 (18) | 0.750 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 16 (7) | 13 (8) | 3 (5) | 0.383 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 43 (20) | 28 (18) | 15 (25) | 0.273 |
| Obesity, n (%) | 11 (5) | 9 (6) | 2 (3) | 0.450 |
| Metabolic syndrome, n (%) | 55 (25) | 44 (29) | 11 (18) | 0.118 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 121 ± 14 | 122 ± 13 | 120 ± 16 | 0.259 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 77 ± 9 | 78 ± 8 | 76 ± 11 | 0.111 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 63 ± 10 | 63 ± 9 | 64 ± 10 | 0.359 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.0 ± 3.4 | 24.7 ± 3.2 | 22.2 ± 3.4 | <0.0001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 86.5 ± 8.9 | 88.4 ± 8.0 | 81.8 ± 9.6 | <0.0001 |
| Analytical data | ||||
| Total cholesterol, mg/dl | 198 ± 36 | 193 ± 34 | 208 ± 38 | 0.0063 |
| HDL-C, mg/dl | 59 ± 17 | 55 ± 15 | 68 ± 18 | <0.0001 |
| LDL-C, mg/dl | 121 ± 31 | 119 ± 30 | 127 ± 32 | 0.0971 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dl | 122 ± 92 | 132 ± 103 | 97 ± 50 | 0.0110 |
| Creatinine, mg/dl | 0.79 ± 0.17 | 0.85 ± 0.15 | 0.64 ± 0.14 | <0.0001 |
| Hemoglobin, mg/dl | 14.1 ± 1.4 | 14.5 ± 1.2 | 12.9 ± 1.2 | <0.0001 |
| Hemoglobin A1c | 5.8 ± 0.6 | 5.8 ± 0.6 | 5.8 ± 0.6 | 0.935 |
| HOMA-IR score | 1.35 ± 1.73 | 1.53 ± 1.92 | 0.89 ± 0.96 | 0.0151 |
| Adiponectin, μg/ml | 8.4 ± 4.5 | 6.9 ± 2.7 | 12.2 ± 5.8 | <0.0001 |
| Echocardiography | ||||
| LV mass index, g/m2 | 67.5 ± 13.9 | 70.0 ± 13.6 | 61.2 ± 12.6 | <0.0001 |
| LA volume index, ml/m2 | 27.2 ± 6.9 | 27.1 ± 6.4 | 27.5 ± 8.3 | 0.733 |
| Ejection fraction, % | 65 ± 5 | 64 ± 5 | 67 ± 4 | 0.0005 |
| E wave, cm/s | 65.1 ± 12.4 | 62.9 ± 10.5 | 70.8 ± 15.0 | <0.0001 |
| A wave, cm/s | 56.5 ± 16.2 | 53.7 ± 15.4 | 63.4 ± 16.0 | <0.0001 |
| E/A ratio | 1.24 ± 0.38 | 1.25 ± 0.36 | 1.20 ± 0.43 | 0.355 |
| Deceleration time, ms | 218 ± 39 | 217 ± 40 | 220 ± 39 | 0.640 |
| E′ velocity, cm/s | 6.7 ± 1.7 | 6.7 ± 1.6 | 6.7 ± 1.9 | 0.898 |
| E/E′ ratio | 10.2 ± 2.8 | 9.9 ± 2.9 | 11.0 ± 2.7 | 0.0084 |
| Fat areas determined by CT scan | ||||
| Visceral fat area, cm2 | 102 ± 49 | 111 ± 47 | 80 ± 46 | <0.0001 |
| Subcutaneous fat area, cm2 | 159 ± 62 | 155 ± 60 | 167 ± 67 | 0.197 |
BMI, body mass index; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; LV, left ventricular; LA, left atrial; CT, computed tomography
Data are expressed as the mean ± SD or number (percentage).