Table 3.
Assays | Biomarkers | Efficacy (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1.4 μM | 4.1 μM | 12.2 μM | ||
Antiangiogenesis | SIVs inhibition | 19 ± 2.19 | 21 ± 2.33* | 43 ± 3.55** |
Apoptosis | AO staining | 20 ± 3.29 | 51 ± 2.31*** | 65 ± 0.99*** |
caspase-3/7 | 2 ± 1.78 | 16 ± 1.47* | 67 ± 1.66*** | |
caspase-8 | 11 ± 1.56 | 17 ± 1.46* | 68 ± 2.17*** | |
caspase-9 | 8 ± 1.69 | 17 ± 2.31* | 69 ± 2.85*** | |
Comet assay | Single stranded DNA strand fracture analysis | 116 ± 3.58 | 370 ± 2.45** | 540 ± 3.97*** |
Double stranded DNA strand fracture analysis | 118 ± 2.79 | 143 ± 3.12** | 208 ± 2.25*** | |
ROS | ROS production | 145 ± 1.56 | 190 ± 3.18* | 521 ± 3.98*** |
P-glycoprotein | Pgp inhibition | 21 ± 1.88* | 34 ± 2.05* | 58 ± 1.82* |
Compared with control: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001.