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. 2019 Mar 14;9:4607. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-40955-2

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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A diagrammatic representation of a syntenic region in genomes of three brown algae, Ectocarpus siliculosus (E.si), Cladosiphon okamuranus (C.ok) and Nemacystus decipiens (N.de). This region contains seven genes that encode Ankyrin repeat-containing protein, GDP-fucose pyrophosphorylase (GFPP), l-fucokinase (FK), ST-domain-containing protein, alpha/beta hydrolase, RNA-binding ASCH domain protein, and tyrosinase. In the E. siliculosus genome, all seven genes exist independently. However, in the C. okamuranus and N. decipiens genomes, the gene for l-fucokinase (FK) and the gene for GDP-fucose pyrophosphorylase (GFPP) are fused. In addition, in the N. decipiens genome, genes for ST-domain-containing protein and alpha/beta hydrolase are fused. These fusions are supported by corresponding mRNAs (Supplementary Figs S5 and S6), although the fused mRNA for the latter needs further examination. Insertion of a gene for topoisomerase DNA-binding C4 Zinc Finger protein was discovered in in the N. decipiens genome. Transcriptional direction is shown by the arrowhead. Numbers under genes indicate gene ID numbers.