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. 2019 Mar 14;9:4588. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-40964-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Immunophenotyping of inflammatory cells within the thoracic spinal cord at 14 days post intraspinal mock (A,D,G,J,M) and TMEV (B,E,H,K,N) injection. Statistical analysis revealed significantly increased numbers of CD3 (T lymphocytes), CD45R (B lymphocytes) and CD107b (microglia/macrophages) positive cells (C,F,I), the presence of virus protein (K, arrow) as well as an accumulation of beta-amyloid-precursor protein (β-APP; N, arrows) in the spinal cord of TMEV-infected animals. The following number of animals was evaluated per group: n = 6–8 at 3 dpi; n = 5–6 at 7 dpi; n = 6–8 at 14 dpi; n = 6 at 28 dpi. Box-and-whisker plots show median and quartiles. Significant differences between the groups as detected by Mann-Whitney U-test are indicated by asterisks (p ≤ 0.05), bars = 100 µm. Inserts in 400x magnification.