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. 2019 Mar 14;9:4495. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-40819-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Water and fractures in the critical zone. Depth plots of water content (blue line) from the NMR log (i.e., total porosity below the water table observed at about 4 m, fracture density (black line), and yellow hue (yellow line). Conceptual model of the Calhoun borehole rock (Center) shows upward increase in fracture density and weathering (brown color). Zooms of yellow hue from OBI at several levels of the well (Right) highlight the association of weathering (warm colors) with fractures (sinusoidal shapes) at all depths, and overall upward increase in weathering intensity from 38 m to 18 m depth.