Study	Reason for exclusion
ACTRN12616001449426	Protocol of a study that is not a RCT.
Agarwal 2012	Abstract only; similar micronutrients given for different durations.
Aguayo 2005	Not a RCT. Assessing acceptability of MMN supplements by pregnant and lactating women.
Ahn 2006	Comparing 2 MMN supplements.
An 2001	Compares different doses of iron (35 mg vs 60 mg).
Arsenault 2010	Includes HIV‐1 positive women.
Asemi 2014	Single‐blind trial comparing multivitamin vs multivitamin‐mineral. Supplements differed in composition and dose.
Asemi 2015	Study population is women at high risk of pre‐eclampsia.
Azami 2016	Study population is women with at least 1 risk factor for pre‐eclampsia.
Beazley 2002	Assesses vitamin C and E supplementation only.
Bergmann 2006	Assesses docosahexaenoic acid and fructo‐oligosaccharide.
Biswas 1984	Cross‐over design, measuring only serum iron levels after single doses of different vitamin formulations.
Callaghan‐Gillespie 2017	MMN is provided in the form of food supplements (fortified corn‐soy blend).
Carrasco 1962	Study has assessed the impact of D‐sorbitol on the absorption of MMNs in pregnant women.
Caulfield 1999	Only assesses zinc supplementation.
Chames 2002	Only assesses calcium supplementation.
Choudhury 2012	Comparing micronutrient powder (home fortification) containing iron, folic acid, vitamin C and zinc vs iron folic acid tablet to study impact on anaemia during pregnancy.
Christian 2009	Assesses the effectiveness of the standard of care (iron folic acid and single‐dose mebendazole) for the treatment of severe anaemia (haemoglobin < 70 g/L) along with enhanced regimens.
Coles 2015	Investigators utilized a quasi‐randomised method of allocation to intervention and control groups.
Cooper 2012	Evaluates periconceptional MMN supplementation only (no MMNs given during pregnancy) (same as Khulan 2012).
Czeizel 1996	Assesses periconceptional supplementation of 18 micronutrients against 4 micronutrients.
Dawson 1987	Assesses supplementation of 14 micronutrients against 11 micronutrients.
Dawson 1998	Assesses supplementation of different doses of 12 to 17 micronutrients.
Devi 2017	The study investigates the effect of supplemental high‐quality protein (milk) and vitamin B12 on third‐trimester methionine kinetics in pregnant women with low vitamin B12.
Dewey 2012	The study asesses the effect of LNS and child only micronutrient powder (MNP).
Dieckmann 1944	Fortification trial.
Fall 2006	This trial evaluates a micronutrient‐rich snack containing vegetables, fruit, and milk.
Fawzi 1998	Includes pregnant women who are HIV‐1 positive.
Fernald 2016	The study investigates the effect of various combined interventions including lipid‐based suppplementation on growth and development during pregnancy and early childhood. Does not study MMN supplements.
Feyi‐Waboso 2005	Parenteral preparation.
Fleming 1986	Only assesses iron, folate and vitamin B in different combinations.
Godfrey 2017	Protocol of a study that investigates the effect of a micronutrient‐enriched nutritional drink with probiotics and myo‐inositol vs. a standard supplementation drink on the maintenance of healthy glucose metabolism in mothers and promotion of offspring health.
Goldenberg 1995	Only assesses zinc supplementation.
Gopalan 2004	Evaluates effect of soya oil.
Graham 2007	Study has looked at the impact of vitamin A fortified rice with and without iron and riboflavin supplementation in night‐blinded women.
Guldholt 1991	Only assesses high‐dose vs low‐dose iron supplementation.
Gunaratna 2015	The study investigates the efficacy of pre‐pregnancy multivitamins with IFA to reduce the prevalence of anemia during the periconceptional period.
Gupta 2007	Women with BMI < 18.5 and/or haemoglobin level of 7‐9 g/dL were included.
Hambidge 2014	Protocol of a study comparing nutrition intervention (MMN fortified lipid‐based supplement) in pre‐conceptional and peri‐conceptional stage.
Hillman 1963	Only assesses pyridoxine supplementation.
Hininger 2004	MMN supplement did not contain iron.
Holly 1955	Only assesses iron and cobalt supplementation.
Hossain 2014	Trial evaluates the effect of vitamin D supplementation. Both groups received iron and calcium.
Huang 2017	Protocol of a study that investigates at the effect of complex milk lipids and different maternal milk preparations during pregnancy.
Hunt 1983	Only assesses zinc supplementation.
Hunt 1985	Only assesses zinc supplementation.
Huybregts 2009	Assesses impact of balanced energy, protein dietary supplement.
Huynh 2017	The study compares maternal nutrient supplementation as a powder and breastfeeding support vs usual care (IFA).
Iannotti 2008	Only assesses zinc supplementation.
ICMR 2000	Assesses periconceptional supplementation of folic acid containing vitamins.
IRCT2015041321736N1	Protocol of a study that compares vitamin D injections every 2 weeks plus multi prenatal tablet including 400 units of vitamin D daily vs multi prenatal tablet only (control). Study population is women with vitamin D deficiency.
IRCT201704225623N109	Protocol of a study in which the study population is women with gestational diabetes.
ISRCTN83599025	Protocol of a study in which the intervention arm of the study includes pregnant women with nutrient deficiencies.
Itam 2003	Not a randomised trial.
Janmohamed 2016	This study assesses the effect of prenatal corn soya blend (CSB+) vs normal diet (control) on pregnancy outcomes.
Jarvenpaa 2007	Fortification trial.
Kabir 2009	This is the same cohort as Tofail 2008. However, all pregnant women were again randomised to breastfeeding counselling or a control (standard health message) group. Effect was evaluated on anthropometric outcomes in children.
Kable 2012	Trial in women consuming alcohol during pregnancy evaluating effect of MMNs in ameliorating the impact of prenatal alcohol exposure in infants.
Khavari 2014	The trial recruited HIV positive women.
Khulan 2012	Evaluates periconceptional MMN supplementation only (no MMNs given during pregnancy).
Kubik 2004	Original papers in Polish. Translated versions of the papers show that this study is not a randomised trial.
Kureishy 2017	Protocol of a study that assesses the effectiveness of food‐based interventions: Wheat Soya Blend (WSB) for women during pregnancy and lactation, Wawa Mum for children 6‐23 months, Micronutrient Powders (MNP) for children 24‐59 months and Behaviour Change Communication vs. routine public health services (control) in preventing stunting in children under 5 years.
Kynast 1986	Study presented at a conference. Abstract does not indicate that it as a randomised trial.
Lanou 2014	Evaluated the effect of a lipid‐based nutrient supplement LNS.
Leroy 2010	The study compares a traditional food assisted MCHN program vs a newly designed approach to prevent malnutrition in children.
Li 2014	The study evaluates the effect of supplementation with folic acid and milk.
Lindström 2011	Not an RCT of MMN versus iron and or folic acid. Describes prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies at baseline and its determinants.
Ling 1996	Evaluating the impact of traditional Chinese tonics with nutrients.
Lucia 2007	Evaluating impact of docosahexaenoic acid and fructo‐oligosaccharide.
Ma 2008	Evaluating retinol and riboflavin supplementation.
Magon 2014	The trial evaluating the effect of use of fortified snacks during pregnancy. Both groups received the same micronutrients (i.e. iron, folic acid, beta‐carotene, and calcium), however, the dose of micronutrients in the intervention group was higher than the control group.
Malvasi 2014	Study evaluating the effect of myoinositol, d‐chiro inositol, folic acid and manganese during pregnancy on maternal blood pressure, glycaemic and cholesterol parameters. Inositol is not an essential nutrient.
Mardones 2007	Impact of fortification of fortified dairy product with polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Marya 1987	Only assesses calcium and vitamin D supplementation.
Mathan 1979	Assesses supplementation of vitamin C and protein.
Menon 1962	Not a RCT.
Merchant 2005	Includes pregnant women who are HIV‐1 positive.
Merialdi 1999	Only assesses zinc supplementation.
Muslimatun 2001	Only assesses vitamin A supplementation.
Nakano 2010	The study assesses the effect of Chlorella tablets vs control (no supplements) on pregnancy anemia and pregnancy‐induced hypertension. Does not study MMN supplements.
NCT01795131	Evaluated the effect of vitamin B12 only.
NCT02802566	Protocol of a study that investigates the efficacy of a BMI‐based prenatal vitamin in decreasing markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in pregnancies complicated by obesity. Study population is obese (BMI > 30) women.
NCT02959125	Study population is women with anemia, mid upper arm circumference of less than 23.5 cm, or no weight gain
Nguyen 2012	Protocol of a study evaluating pre‐conceptional MMN vs IFA supplements.
Nguyen 2017	The study compares a nutrition‐focused Maternal, Neonatal, and Child Health (MNCH) program with a standard MNCH program.
Nossier 2015	Study population is women with low serum zinc level below the estimated median for gestational age.
Nwagha 2010	Micronutrients given via injection.
Ochoa‐Brust 2007	Assesses impact of vitamin C only.
Olofin 2014	The trial included HIV‐positive women.
Otoluwa 2017	Conference abstract; the study evaluates the effect MMN supplementation vs IFA in periconception period.
Park 1999	Semi‐randomized study design does not satisfy the eligibility criteria of the review.
Patimah 2013	Not a randomised trial.
People's League 1946	Quasi‐randomised trial. Women were divided into 2 groups by placing them alternately on separate lists.
Pezzack 2014	The study is a randomised cross‐over trial that compares the fractional calcium absorption (FCA) from enteric coated (EC) calcium carbonate granules with non‐EC granules in pregnant women.
Ramirez‐Velez 2011	The comparator was not eligible. The control group received calcium in addition to ferrous sulphate and folic acid.
Robertson 1991	Only assesses zinc supplementation.
Rumiris 2006	Pregnant women with superoxidedismutase (SOD) levels below 1102 U/gHb included in the study.
Sachdeva 1993	Evaluated calcium supplementation.
Sagaonkar 2009	Comparison of 4 micronutrients with 3.
Salzano 2001	Evaluated supplementation with calcium and fatty acids (linoleic acid, mono and poly unsaturated fatty acids) vs control.
Schmidt 2001	Only assesses vitamin A supplementation.
Semba 2000	A trial of vitamin A supplementation in HIV‐infected women.
Suharno 1993	Only assesses vitamin A supplementation.
Sun 2010	Quasi‐randomised trial. Women were allocated to 4 groups in the order of enrolment.
Suprapto 2002	Only assesses vitamin A and riboflavin supplementation.
Taghizadeh 2014	Comparing 2 different MMN supplements (13 micronutrients vs 10 micronutrients).
Tanumihardjo 2002	Only assesses vitamin A and iron supplementation.
Tatala 2002	Fortification trial.
Thauvin 1992	Not a randomised trial.
Theobald 1937	MMN supplement did not contain iron.
Vadillo‐Ortega 2011	Fortification trial
Webb 2009	Participants include HIV‐positive women.
Wibowo 2012	Evaluating effect of milk fortified with different doses of minerals and vitamins.
Wijaya‐Erhardt 2011	Evaluated weekly food provision (optimised diet) vs the control.
Wijaya‐Erhardt 2014	Evaluated educational intervention using a pre‐post design.
Young 2010	Study assessed the acceptability of a micronutrient powder (Sprinkles), a fortified food (Nutrivida), and tablets by the participants. All supplements has similar composition of micronutrients.
Zavaleta 2000	Only assesses zinc supplementation.

BMI: body mass index
 IFA: iron and folic acid
 LNS: lipid‐based nutrient supplement
 MMN: multiple micronutrient
 RCT: randomised controlled trial
 vs: versus