Table 2.
Summary of materials, method, and performance of membranes containing zwitterionic ion pairs.
| Membrane Material | Fabrication Method | Solvent | Permeance (L m−2 h−1 bar−1) | Solute | Rejection (%) | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Material | Substrate | ||||||
| Sulfobetanine zwitterionic MPDSAH | Polyamide membrane | Conventional free radical graft polymerization | Water | 6.5 | Na2SO4 | 92.0 | [71] |
| Sulfobetanine zwitterionic PSVBP | Polyamide membrane | Conventional free radical graft polymerization | Water | 6.5 | NaCl | 99.7 | [127] |
| Carboxybetaine zwitterionic CBMA | Polyamide membrane | Conventional free radical graft polymerization | Water | 5.7 | NaCl | 98.0 | [32] |
| Phosphobetaine zwitterionic MPC | Polyamide membrane | Atom transfer radical polymerization | Water | 3.2 | NaCl | 90.0 | [138] |
| Iodopropionic/iodomethane | Polyamide membrane | N-alkylation reaction and quaternization reaction | Water | ~4.6 | MgSO4 | ~78.0 | [141] |
| Na2SO4 | ~52.0 | ||||||
| MgCl2 | ~60.0 | ||||||
| NaCl | ~45.0 | ||||||
| AEPPS-PIP/TMC | PSF-UF | Interfacial polymerization | Water | 7.2 | K2SO4 | 97.0 | [33] |
| MgSO4 | 90.0 | ||||||
| NaCl | 30.0 | ||||||
| PIP/TMC/AEPPS | PSF-UF | Two-step interfacial polymerization | Water | 9.6 | Na2SO4 | 99.5 | [142] |
| MgSO4 | 98.5 | ||||||
| NaCl | 43.9 | ||||||
| AEPPS/TMC | PSF-UF | Interfacial polymerization | Water | 8.4 | K2SO4 | 97.1 | [144] |
| erythromycin | 96.5 | ||||||
| NaCl | <20.0 | ||||||
| PEI-g-SBMA/TMC | PES-UF | Interfacial polymerization | Water | 13.2 | Na2SO4 | ~50.0 | [145] |
| MgSO4 | ~48.0 | ||||||
| MgCl2 | ~47.0 | ||||||
| NaCl | ~12.0 | ||||||
| Methylene blue | ~85.0 | ||||||
| Orange GII | ~90.0 | ||||||
| Congo red | ~96.0 | ||||||
| Methyl blue | ~100.0 | ||||||
| Zwitterionic polyelectrolyte nanoparticles (ZPNPs)-PIP/TMC | PSF-UF | Interfacial polymerization | Water | ~10.0 | Na2SO4 | ~96.5 | [149] |
| NaCl | ~10.0 | ||||||
| AEPPS-MPD/TMC | PSF-UF | Interfacial polymerization | Water | 3.6 | NaCl | 98.3 | [34] |
| Zwitterionic colloid nanoparticles (ZCPs)-MPD/TMC | PSF-UF | Interfacial polymerization | Water | ~2.5 | NaCl | 96.5 | [151] |
| Zwitterion-CNT/MPD/TMC | PES-UF | Deposition and interfacial polymerization | Water | ~1.3 | NaCl | 98.6 | [152] |
| GO-PSBMA/polyethersulfone (PES) | - | Phase inversion | Water | ~12.0 | Na2SO4 | ~10.0 | [154] |
| MgSO4 | ~9.0 | ||||||
| MgCl2 | ~7.6 | ||||||
| NaCl | ~4.0 | ||||||
| RR49 | ~97.0 | ||||||
| RB5 | 99.2 | ||||||
| Sulphobetaine tri-copolymer (PDHD) | PSF-UF | Surface coating and chemical cross-linking | Water | ~8.0 | MgCl2 | 96.5 | [155] |
| NaCl | 48.5 | ||||||
| Zwitterionic colloid particles (ZCPs) | PSF-UF | Surface coating and chemical cross-linking | Water | ~4.0 | PEG1000 | ~96.0 | [150] |
| PEG600 | ~88.0 | ||||||
| PEG200 | ~60.0 | ||||||
| Na2SO4 | ~20.0 | ||||||
| Carboxybetaine bi-copolymer (PCH) | PSF-UF | Surface coating and chemical cross-linking | Water | ~8.0 | Na2SO4 | 91.8 | [47] |
| MgSO4 | 33.3 | ||||||
| MgCl2 | 23.5 | ||||||
| NaCl | 3.6 | ||||||
| PEG800 | 93.4 | ||||||
| PDDA/PSS, PSBMA | Sulfonated PES hollow fiber silica | LBL | Water | 4.5 | Na2SO4 | ~98.0 | [158] |
| NaCl | ~40.0 | ||||||
| CaCl2 | ~20.0 | ||||||
| Zwitterionic amphiphilic copolymers PTFEMA-r-SBMA | PVDF 400R UF | Self-assembly | Water | 8.4 | Methyl Orange | ~30 | [163] |
| Brilliant Blue R | ~100 | ||||||