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I–V curves of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) composed of (a) liquid electrolyte and gel electrolytes containing 1.4 g (E3) and 1.6 g (E4) of bare starch; (b) gel electrolytes E3, EC1, EC2, and EC3 containing 1.4 g bare starch and cross-linked starches A1, A2, and A3 respectively.
