Table 3.
Descriptive statistics for study variables at Time 1 and Time 2
| Variable | Score range | Time 1 Mean (SD) | Time 2 Mean (SD) | t‐value | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Occupational coping self‐efficacy | 1–5 | 3.59 (0.56) | 3.62 (0.54) | −1.268 | 0.206 |
| Psychological capital | 1–6 | 4.56 (0.64) | 4.65 (0.66) | −3.079 | 0.002a |
| Authentic leadership | 0–4 | 2.64 (0.87) | 2.51 (0.90) | 2.675 | 0.008a |
| Structural empowerment | 4–20 | 13.73 (2.46) | 13.39 (2.44) | 2.721 | 0.007a |
| Person‐job fit | 1–5 | 3.28 (0.45) | 3.22 (0.48) | 2.497 | 0.013a |
| New graduate support | 1–4 | 3.23 (0.49) | 3.23 (0.47) | 0.331 | 0.741 |
| Work–life interference | 1–7 | 3.67 (1.40) | 3.77 (1.43) | −1.533 | 0.126 |
| Supervisor incivility | 0–6 | 0.71 (1.03) | 0.72 (0.98) | −0.089 | 0.929 |
| Co‐worker incivility | 0–6 | 0.91 (1.01) | 0.91 (1.06) | −0.038 | 0.970 |
| Physician incivility | 0–6 | 1.25 (1.24) | 1.22 (1.24) | 0.193 | 0.847 |
| Emotional exhaustion | 0–6 | 3.28 (1.50) | 3.30 (1.49) | −0.374 | 0.709 |
| Cynicism | 0–6 | 1.55 (1.48) | 1.79 (1.56) | −3.360 | 0.001a |
| Mental health symptoms | 1–4 | 2.76 (0.44) | 2.81 (0.48) | −1.901 | 0.058 |
| Overall health | 1–4 | 3.12 (0.65) | 3.12 (0.62) | −0.151 | 0.880 |
| Variable | Score Range | N | % | N | % | χ 2 | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PTSD (Reported 3 or 4 symptoms) | 0–1 | 89 | 21.9 | 96 | 23.6 | 87.991 | <0.001a |
| Nightmares/unwanted thoughts | 0–1 | 211 | 52.0 | 213 | 52.5 | 33.974 | <0.001a |
| Avoid thoughts/situations | 0–1 | 195 | 48.0 | 196 | 48.3 | 45.312 | <0.001a |
| Constantly on guard, watchful | 0–1 | 86 | 21.2 | 71 | 17.7 | 41.041 | <0.001a |
| Felt numb/detached from others | 0–1 | 71 | 17.5 | 84 | 20.9 | 44.145 | <0.001a |
Two‐tailed paired‐samples t tests and chi‐square tests were used to compare participants’ scores on the main study variables at Time 1 and Time 2.
a
Significant at the p < 0.05 level.