Table 2.
Methodological quality assessment
| Methodological quality assessment of the prevalence studies (CASP checklist) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Questions in the checklist | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
| Panagiotopoulos et al. (2013) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | NI | Y | NI | NI | – | U | Y |
| Perkins et al. (2016) | Y | U | U | U | Y | Y | Y | NI | NI | – | U | Y |
| Spahni et al. (2015) | Y | Y | U | U | Y | N | N | NI | NI | – | U | Y |
| Zhou and Hearst (2016) | Y | Y | U | U | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | – | U | Y |
| Xu et al. (2017) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | NI | Y | NI | NI | – | U | Y |
| Questions in the checklist | |
|---|---|
| 1. | Was the aim/problem in the study clearly defined? |
| 2. | Was the cross‐sectional design a suitable method to answer the aim and research question(s)? |
| 3. | Was the population from which the sample was drawn clearly defined? |
| 4. | Was the sampling method adequate? |
| 5. | Was it explained whether (and how) the participants who agreed to participate are different from those who refused? |
| 6. | Was the response rate adequate? |
| 7. | Were the measurements shown to be valid and reliable? |
| 8. | Were the procedures for data collection standardized? |
| 9. | Was the statistical analysis appropriate? |
| 10. | The conclusion of the studies (not included in this table) |
| 11. | Can the results be transferred to practice? |
| 12. | Do the results from this study support previous studies? |
| Methodological quality assessment of the cohort studies (CASP) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Questions in the check list | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
| Agrawal and Keshri (2014) | N | Y | U | U | Y | U | – | – | Y | Y | U | – |
| Burns et al. (2015) | N | U | U | U | U | U | – | – | Y | Y | U | – |
| Carr et al. (2014) | N | Y | U | U | Y | Y | – | – | Y | Y | Y | – |
| DiGiacomo et al. (2013) | U | Y | U | Y | Y | Y | – | – | Y | Y | Y | – |
| Ghesquiere et al. (2013) | N | Y | U | U | Y | Y | – | – | Y | Y | Y | – |
| Jeon et al. (2013) | U | Y | U | U | Y | Y | – | – | Y | Y | Y | – |
| Tiedt et al. (2016) | Y | Y | U | U | Y | Y | – | – | Y | Y | Y | – |
| Questions in the checklist | |
|---|---|
| 1. | Did the study address a clearly focused issue? |
| 2. | Was the cohort recruited in an acceptable way? |
| 3. | Was the exposure accurately measured to minimize bias? |
| 4. | Was the outcome accurately measured to minimize bias? |
| 5. | Have the authors identified all important confounding factors in the design and/or analysis? |
| 6. | Was the follow‐up of participants complete and long enough? |
| 7. | What are the results of this study? (not included in this table) |
| 8. | How precise are the results? (not included in this table) |
| 9. | Do you believe the results? |
| 10. | Can the results be applied to the local population? |
| 11. | Do the results of this study fit with other available evidence? |
| 12. | What are the implications of this study for practice? (not included in this table) |
N: no; NI: not identified; U: uncertain; Y: yes.