Fig. 2.

Roles of tumor cells derived exosomes in GC. Exosomes are critically involved in GC progression including tumorigenesis, metastasis, angiogenesis, immune evasion and drug resistance by transferring functional biomolecules. GC cells derived exosomes can modulate immunity by activating pro-tumor phenotypes of neutrophils and macrophages and inducing the differentiation of T cells to Th17 and Treg cells. GC cells derived exosomes can convert pericytes, fibroblasts and MSCs into myofibroblasts to facilitate tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Moreover, GC cells derived exosomes can activate endothelial cells to support tumor angiogenesis and promote significant adhesion between mesothelial and GC cells. GC cells derived exosomes can help to create a favorable microenvironment for liver metastasis by acting on liver stromal cells. In addition, pre-adipocytes prefer to differentiate into brown-like type by GC cells derived exosomes