Table 2.
Risk of bias within model development studies
| No | Citation | Study Participation | Prognostic Factor Measurement | Outcome Measurement | Statistical Analysis and Presentation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Asare et al. (2016) [107] | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| 2 | Baak et al. (1985) [108] | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
| 3 | Broet et al. (1999) [109] | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Low |
| 4 | Brown et al. (1993) [110] | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
| 5 | Bryan et al. (1986) [111] | Moderate | Low | Low | Low |
| 6 | Bucinski et al. (2005) [112] | High | Moderate | High | Moderate |
| 7 | Campbell et al. (2010) [19] | Low | Low | Moderate | Low |
| 8 | Chao et al. (2014) [20] | Moderate | High | Low | Moderate |
| 9 | Chen et al. (2016) [41] | Moderate | High | Low | Low |
| 10 | Cheng et al. (2006) [30] | Low | Moderate | High | Low |
| 11 | Choi et al. (2009) [25] | Low | High | Low | Moderate |
| 12 | Collan et al. (1994) [113] | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
| 13 | de Laurentiis et al. (1999) [43] | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| 14 | Delen et al. (2005) [27] | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
| 15 | Eskelinen et al. (1992) [10] | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low |
| 16 | Fan et al. (2011) [56] | Low | Moderate | Low | Low |
| 17 | Fleming et al. (1999) [21] | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
| 18 | Fuster et al. (1983) [114] | High | High | Low | Moderate |
| 19 | Gomez-Ruiz et al. (2004) [97] | Moderate | High | High | Moderate |
| 20 | Hawkins et al. (2002) [89] | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Moderate |
| 21 | Haybittle et al. (1982) [53] | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
| 22 | Jerez Aragones et al. (2004) [115] | Moderate | High | Low | Moderate |
| 23 | Jerez et al. (2005) [26] | Low | Moderate | High | Low |
| 24 | Jhajharia et al. (2016) [116] | Moderate | High | Low | Moderate |
| 25 | M. Jung et al. (2013) [44] | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
| 26 | Kim et al. (2012) [22] | Low | High | High | Low |
| 27 | Kim et al. (2016) [117] | Moderate | High | High | Low |
| 28 | Lisboa et al. (2003) [23] | Moderate | High | Low | High |
| 29 | Y.Q. Liu et al. (2009) [118] | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
| 30 | Lovekin et al. (1991) [119] | High | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
| 31 | Masarwah et al. (2016) [55] | Moderate | Low | High | Low |
| 32 | Mazouni et al. (2011) [120] | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low |
| 33 | Michaelson et al. (2011) [42] | Moderate | High | Low | Moderate |
| 34 | Musial et al. (2005) [121] | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low |
| 35 | Ni et al. (2014) [122] | Moderate | Moderate | High | Low |
| 36 | Paik et al. (1990) [123] | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
| 37 | Putter et al. (2006) [124] | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| 38 | Rakha et al. (2014) [90] | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
| 39 | Ravdin et al. (2001) [125] | Low | High | Moderate | Moderate |
| 40 | Ripley et al. (1998) [29] | Moderate | High | High | Moderate |
| 41 | Sanghani et al. (2007) [126] | High | High | High | Moderate |
| 42 | Sanghani et al. (2010) [38] | Low | High | Moderate | Moderate |
| 43 | Shek & Godolphin (1988) [127] | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
| 44 | Suen & Chow (2006) [91] | Low | Low | Moderate | Low |
| 45 | Tokatli et al. (2011) [28] | Moderate | Moderate | High | Low |
| 46 | Ture et al. (2009) [24] | Moderate | High | High | Low |
| 47 | van Belle et al. (2010b) [37] | Low | Low | High | Low |
| 48 | van Nes et al. (2010) [128] | Moderate | High | Moderate | Moderate |
| 49 | Wen et al. (2015) [129] | Low | Moderate | Low | Low |
| 50 | Wen et al. (2016) [57] | Low | Moderate | Low | Low |
| 51 | Wishart et al. (2010b) [40] | Low | High | Low | Low |
| 52 | Wishart et al. (2012) [35] | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low |
| 53 | Wishart et al. (2014) [36] | Moderate | Low | Low | Low |
| 54 | Witteveen et al. (2015) [39] | Low | Moderate | High | Low |