Table 1.
Taxonomy of approaches to intervention development
| Category | INDEX team definition | Defined approach | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Partnership | The people for whom the intervention aims to help are involved in decision-making about the intervention throughout the development process, having at least equal decision-making powers with members of the research team | Co-production, co-creation, co-design, co-operative design | Voorberg et al. 2015 [38] Bessant and Maher 2009 [39] Spencer et al. 2013 [40] |
| User-driven | Kushniruk and Nøhr 2016 [25] | ||
| Experience-based co-design (EBCD) and accelerated EBCD | Robert et al. 2013 [41] Locock et al. 2014 [42] |
||
| 2. Target population-centred | Interventions are based on the views and actions of the people who will use the intervention | Person-based | Yardley et al. 2015 [17] |
| User-centred | Erwin and Krishnan 2016 [44] Erwin and Krishnan 2016 [45] Erwin 2015 [43–45] |
||
| Human-centred design | Norman 2013 [33] | ||
| 3. Theory and evidence-based | Interventions are based on combining published research evidence and formal theories (e.g. psychological or organisational theories) or theories specific to the intervention | MRC Framework for developing and evaluating complex interventions | MRC Guidance [7, 15] |
| Behaviour change wheel (BCW) | Michie et al. 2014 [26] | ||
| Intervention mapping (IM) | Bartholomew Eldredge et al. 2016 [27] | ||
| Matrix Assisting Practitioner’s Intervention Planning Tool (MAP-IT) | Hansen et al. 2017 [32] | ||
| Normalisation process theory (NPT)a | Murray et al. 2010 [46] | ||
| Theoretical domains framework (TDF) | French et al. 2012 [47] | ||
| 4. Implementation-based | Interventions are developed with attention to ensuring the intervention will be used in the real world if effective | Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance (RE-AIM) | RE-AIM.org [48] |
| 5. Efficiency based | Components of an intervention are tested using experimental designs to determine active components and make interventions more efficient | Multiphase optimization strategy (MOST) | Collins et al. [49] |
| Multi-level and fractional factorial experiments | Chakraborty 2009 [50] Dziak et al. 2012 [50, 51] |
||
| Micro-randomisation trials | Klasnja et al. 2015 [52] | ||
| 6. Stepped or phased based | Interventions are developed through emphasis on a systematic overview of processes involved in intervention development | Six essential Steps for Quality Intervention Development (6SQUID) | Wight et al. 2015 [28] |
| Five actions model | Fraser and Galinsky 2010 [29] Fraser et al. 2009 [24, 29] |
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| Obesity-Related Behavioural Intervention Trials (ORBIT) | Czajkowski et al. 2015 [34] | ||
| 7. Intervention-specific | An intervention development approach is constructed for a specific type of intervention | Digital (e.g. Integrate, Design, Assess and Share (IDEAS)) | Mummah et al. 2016 [30] Horvarth et al. 2016 [30, 53] |
| Patient decision support or aids | Elwyn et al. 2011 [31] Coulter et al. 2013 [31, 54] |
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| Group interventions | Hoddinott et al. 2010 [55] | ||
| 8. Combination | Existing approaches to intervention development are combined | Participatory Action Research based on theories of Behaviour Change and Persuasive Technology (PAR-BCP) | Janols and Lindgren 2017 [56] |
aCould be considered under implementation based approaches to intervention development because the theory is about implementation