Table 4.
Impact of socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle risk factors, and social capital on the association between perceived racism and Indigenous status; bivariable and multivariable analyses
| Secondary independent variables | Adjusted Odds Ratio (OR) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-Indigenous | Indigenous | |||||
| Adjusted OR | 95% confidence interval | p value | % change from crude OR | |||
| Socio-demographic characteristics | 1.0 | 3.5 | 2.5 | 4.8 | <0.001 | 19% |
| Age | 1.0 | 3.3 | 2.5 | 4.5 | <0.001 | 23% |
| Sex | 1.0 | 4.3 | 3.2 | 5.8 | <0.001 | 0% |
| Geographic residence | 1.0 | 4.5 | 3.3 | 6.0 | <0.001 | −3% |
| Socioeconomic status | 1.0 | 4.5 | 3.3 | 6.0 | <0.001 | −3% |
| Total annual household income | 1.0 | 4.4 | 3.3 | 5.9 | <0.001 | −2% |
| Highest level of education | 1.0 | 4.8 | 3.6 | 6.5 | <0.001 | −11% |
| Employment status | 1.0 | 4.1 | 3.0 | 5.5 | <0.001 | 5% |
| Lifestyle risk factors | 1.0 | 3.9 | 2.9 | 5.2 | <0.001 | 10% |
| Smoking | 1.0 | 3.9 | 2.9 | 5.3 | <0.001 | 8% |
| Did not consume alcohol in past 12 months | 1.0 | 4.2 | 3.2 | 5.7 | <0.001 | 2% |
| Typical quantity of alcohol consumption | 1.0 | 4.1 | 3.0 | 5.4 | <0.001 | 6% |
| Obesity | 1.0 | 4.2 | 3.2 | 5.7 | <0.001 | 2% |
| Inadequate physical activity | 1.0 | 4.4 | 3.3 | 6.0 | <0.001 | −3% |
| Social support | 1.0 | 3.9 | 2.9 | 5.3 | <0.001 | 9% |
| Inability to get help from family | 1.0 | 4.0 | 3.0 | 5.3 | <0.001 | 8% |
| Inability to get help from friends | 1.0 | 4.1 | 3.1 | 5.6 | <0.001 | 4% |
| Inability to get help from neighbours | 1.0 | 4.1 | 3.1 | 5.5 | <0.001 | 5% |
| Social and civic trust | 1.0 | 3.7 | 2.7 | 5.0 | <0.001 | 15% |
| Don’t believe most people can be trusted | 1.0 | 3.8 | 2.8 | 5.1 | <0.001 | 12% |
| Don’t feel safe walking alone down street after dark | 1.0 | 4.4 | 3.3 | 5.9 | <0.001 | −2% |
| Don’t feel valued by society | 1.0 | 4.1 | 3.0 | 5.5 | <0.001 | 5% |
| Don’t feel there are opportunities to have real say | 1.0 | 4.1 | 3.0 | 5.5 | <0.001 | 6% |
| Multivariable model 1 a | 1.0 | 3.0 | 2.2 | 4.3 | <0.001 | 29% |
| Multivariable model 2 b | 1.0 | 3.4 | 2.5 | 4.7 | <0.001 | 21% |
| Multivariable model 3 c | 1.0 | 3.2 | 2.3 | 4.5 | <0.001 | 26% |
Dependent variable = experienced racism: crude odds ratio = 4.3 (95% CI: 3.1–5.8)
aIncludes all secondary independent variables
bIncludes secondary independent variables that changed the crude OR by 10% or more: age, education and one social trust indicator
cIncludes the social determinants and excludes lifestyle risk factors
Bolding indicates that p value is significant at the p <0.05 level