Table 3.
Trends in parasite resistance after cessation of chloroquine use in malaria
| Author | Mean IC50 in parasites with Pfct K76T | Country where study was done | Year policy was changed | Trends in prev. of 76T CQR allele AF PC | Trends in prev. of 86Y CQR allele AF PC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Andriantsoanirina et al. [37] | 18.7 nM (95% CI 14.7–23.7 nM) | Madagascar | 2005 | NR | NR |
| Achieng et al. [19] | NR | Kenya | 1999 | 2008–2014: 28.5%, 2014: 2.3% | 2008–2014: 14.9% |
| Hemming-Schroeder et al. [20] | NR | Kenya | 1999 | Kakamega 2003: 80% 2005: 61% 2008: 60% 2015: 2.7% Kombewa 2003: 71% 2005: 91.9% 2008: 90% 2015: 11.8% |
Kakamega 2003: 59.2% 2005: 59.1% 2008: 40% 2015: 4.2% Kombewa 2003: 57.1% 2005: 40% 2008: 45% 2015: 5% |
| Akala et al. [46] | NR | Kenya | 1999 | 2008: 68.4% 2009: 55.4% 2010: 47.8% 2011: 12.4% 2012: 29.8% |
2008: 38.1% 2009: 24.3% 2010: 19.7% 2011: 7.8% 2012: 13.3% |
| Lucchi et al. [22] | 2010: 31.77 nM 2011: 23.42 nM 2012: 21.09 nM 2013: 19.85 nM |
Kenya | 1999 | 2010: 38.8% 2011: 28.6% 2012: 18.7% 2013: 7% |
2010: 2% 2011: 1.5% 2012: 0% 2013: 0% |
| Okombo et al. [18] | NR | Kenya | 1999 | 2006: 49.5% 2013: 17.2% |
2006: 57.5% 2013: 2.1% |
| Mwai et al. [21] | 63 ± 90 nM (5-150 nM) | Kenya | 1999 | 1993–2006: 94% to 63% | 1993–2006: 75% |
| Bo Huang et al. [35] | NR | Grande Comore Island | 2004 | 2006–2014: 72.2–19.5% | 2006–2007: 87% 2013–2014: 40.2% |
| Das et al. [28] | Kolkata 2013: 238.6 nM, (95% CI 121–321 nM) Purulia 2013: 247.42 nM, (95% CI 126–316 nM) |
India | 1982 | Kolkata 2012: 94.64% Purulia 2012: 96.15% |
Kolkata 2013: 87.23% 2009: 46.67% Purulia 2013: 87.93% 2009: 64.2% |
| Frank et al. [29] | NR | Gabon | 2003 | 1995–2002: 100%; 2005–2007: 97% | NR |
| Gadalla et al. [77] | NR | Tanzania | 2001 | 2003: 96.9% 2004: 94.9% 2005: 89.5% 2006: 100% |
2003: 67.7% 2004: 67.8% 2005: 66.2% 2006: 75% |
| Jovel et al. [34] | NR | Guinea-Bissau | 2008 | 2008: 31% 2010: 48% 2011: 57% 2012: 34% |
2008: 36% 2010: 30% 2011: 29% 2012: 34% |
| Ly [30] | NR | Senegal | 2003 | 2004–2005: 47.16%, 2006–2009: 59.46% |
|
| Afsharpad et al. [44] | NR | Iran | 2007 | 2008–2010: 94.7% | 2008–2010: 42.9% |
| Mbogo et al. [24] | NR | Uganda | 2004 | 2005: 100% 2007: 100% 2008: 98% 2009: 94% 2010: 96% 2011: 92% 2012: 67% |
2005 (53%) 2007 (49%) 2008 (16%) 2009 (44%) 2010 (19%) 2011 (16%) 2012 (8%) |
| Mwanza et al. [38] | NR | Zambia | 2003 | 2001: 95% 2006: 26% 2010–2013: 0% |
NR |
| Ndam et al. [32] | NR | Cameroon | 2002 | 2003: 53% 2012: 25.3% |
NR |
| Ndiaye et al. [31] | NR | Senegal | 2003 | 2009: 19.8% 2010: 18.2% 2011: 18% |
NR |
| Sondo et al. [79] | NR | Burkina Faso | 2005 | 2010: 27.22% 2012: 16.49% |
NR |
| Thomsen et al. [16] | NR | Mozambique | 2002 | 2009: 55.9% 2010: 33.8% |
2009: 47.2% 2010: 26.9% |
| Raman et al. [17] | NR | Mozambique | 2002 | 2006: 96.1% 2007: 91.3% 2008: 76.1% 2009: 45.5% 2010: 32.4% |
2006: 74.7% 2007: 76.4% 2008: 64.9% 2009: 51.6% 2010: 30.9% |
| Duah et al. [25] | NR | Ghana | 2005 | 2005–2006:73–95% 2007–2008:50–95%, 2010: 45–80% |
2005–2006:31–67% 2007–2008:36–67% 2010: 10–50% |
CQR chloroquine resistance, PC policy change, BF before, AF: after, NR Not reported, Prev. prevalence