Figure 5.

The inducible expression of VvLYK1‐2 also restores chitin‐triggered responses in Atcerk1. (a) Subcellular localization of VvLYK1‐2‐GFP visualized by confocal microscopy 4 h post‐treatment with β‐estradiol (βE). DIC, differential interference contrast. Bars, 20 μm. (b) Activation of two mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) detected 10 min after chitin treatment (1 mg/mL) by immunoblotting with an antibody raised against the human phosphorylated extracellular regulated protein kinase 1/2 (α‐pERK1/2). Homogeneous loading was checked by Ponceau red staining. Similar results were obtained in three independent experiments. (c) Relative expression of the defense gene encoding flagellin‐induced receptor kinase1 (FRK1) measured by qPCR, 2 h post‐chitin treatment (1 mg/mL). Data show a representative experiment from three independent biological ones. Means of the triplicate data were normalized by the housekeeping gene At4g26410 and expressed as a percentage of the transcript level in WT Col‐0 plants treated by chitin + β‐estradiol, set as 100%. Asterisks (*) indicate statistically significant differences between water and chitin treatment whereas hash marks (#) indicate statistically significant differences between WT or transgenic line and Atcerk1, using an unpaired heteroscedastic Student's t test (P < 0.05). For (b) and (c), inducible transgenic lines Atcerk1/LexA::VvLYK1‐2‐GFP were treated 1 h before chitin treatment with 10 μm β‐estradiol (βE).