Figure 6.

VvLYK1‐1 and VvLYK1‐2 expression restores chitosan‐triggered responses in the Atcerk1 mutant. (a, c) Activation of two mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) detected 10 min after treatment with chitosan DP6 (1 mg/mL) by immunoblotting with an antibody raised against the human phosphorylated extracellular regulated protein kinase 1/2 (α‐pERK1/2). Homogeneous loading was checked by Ponceau red staining. (b, d) Expression of a defense gene encoding the flagellin‐induced receptor‐like protein kinase 1 ( FRK1) measured by qPCR 2 h after chitosan treatment. Data show an average of three biological experiments that were normalized by housekeeping gene At4g26410 and compared with Col‐0 treated with chitosan, set as 100%. Asterisks (*) indicate statistically significant differences between water and chitosan treatment whereas hash marks (#) indicate statistically significant differences between WT or transgenic line and Atcerk1, using an unpaired heteroscedastic Student's t test (P < 0.05). (c, d) All lines were pretreated 1 h before elicitor treatment with β‐estradiol (βE; 10 μm), when indicated.