Table 1.
Foxp3+Treg functions in mucosal infections.
| Pathogen | Treg manipulation | Outcome |
|---|---|---|
| BACTERIA | ||
| Listeria monocytogenes | Tregs cause increased pathogen burden (67) | Detrimental |
| Salmonella enterica | Foxp3+ cell ablation accelerates bacterial clearance (68) | Detrimental |
| Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans | Tregs attenuate experimental periodontitis progression (69) | Protective |
| Yersinia Enterocolitica | Tregs reduce pathogenic burden and attenuate inflammation (70) | Protective |
| VIRUSES | ||
| HIV | Early interference with the Treg's suppressive function worsened infection and inflammation (71, 72) | Protective |
| Tregs are preserved in elite controllers in humans (73) | Protective | |
| Tregs suppress anti-viral CD8 responses (74) | Detrimental | |
| Foxp3+ cell ablation accelerates mortality and increases viral load (197) | Protective | |
| Herpes simplex virus 2 | Foxp3+ cell ablation increases mortality (75) | Protective |
| West Nile virus | ||
| PARASITES | ||
| Toxoplasma gondii | Loss of Foxp3+ Treg cells results in fatal pathology (76) | Protective |
| Toxoplasma gondii | Loss of Foxp3+ Treg cells results in pathology (77) | Protective |
| Toxoplasma gondii | Loss of Foxp3+ Treg cells results in pathology (78) | Protective |
| Heligmosomoides polygyrus | No changes in pathogen burden with Treg ablation (79) | No effect |
| Leishmania major | Tregs promote increased pathogen burden (80). | Detrimental |
| Schistosoma mansoni | CD4+CD25+ depletion increases inflammation (81) | Protective |
| FUNGUS | ||
| Candida albicans | CD4+CD25+Tregs regulate immunopathology in Th1 mediated gastrointestinal/disseminated Candidiasis (82) | Protective |
| CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Tregs promote Th17 antifungal immunity and dampen immunopathology (41, 83) | Protective | |
| Tregs regulate immunopathology (84) | ||
| Tregs suppress pulmonary hyperinflammation (85) | ||
| Aspergillus fumigatus | Protective | |
| Pneumocystis carinii | Protective | |
| MYCOBACTERIA | ||
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Selective depletion of Tregs reduces pathogen burden (86). | Detrimental |
| Foxp3+ cells induce resistance to TB lesions (87) | Protective | |