Table 1.
Somatic and stem cells used in skin tissue regeneration
| Cell types (Refs.) | Origin | Source | CT | Examples of commercial products and their indications |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fibroblasts [49–57] | Allogeneic | Skin | Yes | Apligraft - Venous leg ulcers - Diabetic foot ulcers OrCel - Partial-thickness burns |
| Neonatal foreskin | Yes | TransCyte - Full-thickness and deep partial-thickness burns - Partial-thickness burns Dermagraft - Full-thickness diabetic foot ulcers |
||
| Fetus | Yes | ND | ||
| Autologous | Skin | Yes | TissueTech Autograft System - -Diabetic foot ulcers Hyalograft 3D - Diabetic ulcer - Cartilage engineering |
|
| Keratinocytes [55, 56, 58–64] | Allogeneic | Skin | Yes | Apligraft - Venous leg ulcers - Diabetic foot ulcers OrCel - Partial-thickness burns |
| Neonatal foreskin | Yes | Lyphoderm - Chronic venous ulcer - Partial-thickness burns |
||
| Fetus | Yes | ND | ||
| Autologous | Skin | Yes | Epicel - Deep dermal or full thickness burns TissueTech Autograft System - Diabetic foot ulcers Bioseed-S - Chronic venous leg ulcers CellSpray - Partial and deep partial-thickness burns Karocells - Partial and deep partial-thickness burns |
|
| Outer root sheath of scalp hair follicles | Yes | EpiDex - Recalcitrant vascular leg ulcers - Partial-thickness burns |
||
| ESC [65] | Autologous | Epidermis (basal layer) | Yes | ND |
| MMSC [66–71] | Allogeneic | Adipose tissue | Yes | ND |
| Umbilical cord | Yes | ND | ||
| Bone marrow | Yes | ND | ||
| Autologous | Bone marrow | Yes | ND | |
| Adipose tissue | Yes | ND | ||
| Stromal vascular fraction [72] | Autologous | Adipose tissue | Yes | ND |
| BMSC [73–75] | Autologous | Bone marrow | Yes | ND |
| USC [76] and secretome[77] | Autologous or Allogeneic | Urine (kidney) | Yes | ND |
| iPSC [78] | Autologous | Skin | No | ND |
| Vascular progenitor cells [79] | Allogeneic | Vessels | Yes | ND |
| EPC [79, 80] | Allogeneic | Vessels | Yes | ND |
| Mononuclear cells [81] | Autologous | Bone marrow | Yes | ND |
CT cells approved or involved in clinical trials, ND no data available, ESC epidermal stem cells, MMSC multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells, BMSC bone marrow stem cells, USC urine derived stem cells, iPSC induced pluripotent stem cells, EPS endothelial progenitor cells