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. 2019 Mar 5;15(3):e1007998. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007998

Fig 9. Humoral immune response by Spodoptera littoralis larvae as affected by RNAi mediated silencing of the immune gene Sl gasmin.

Fig 9

Immune challenge with Gram-positive (Staphyloccus aureus), Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria or with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was performed on S. littoralis larvae after oral administration of control (c) or Sl gasmin (g) dsRNA. After 3 hours from the immune challenge, the transcript level of genes encoding the humoral effectors was significantly enhanced (attacin 1: F(3,126) = 68.13, P<0.0001; gloverin F(3,126) = 184.16, P<0.0001; lysozyme 1a F(3,126) = 33.53, P<0.0001), but was not influenced by gene silencing (see S1 Table for statistics). S. littoralis β-actin was used as reporter gene. The values reported are the mean ± S.E. Different letters denote significant differences between treatments, within each gene considered.