Table 1.
Nanoparticle characterization
| Nanoparticles | TEM diameter in dry state±s.d. (nm) | Hydrodynamic diameter in water±s.d. (nm) | Zeta potential±s.d. (nm) | Bacteria binding |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Silica–NPs | ||||
| Si30 | 31.6 ± 5.8 | 33 ± 7 | −15 ± 2 | +SEM/EDX/AFM |
| Si30C | 27.2 ± 3.8 | 28 ± 7 | −18 ± 2 | +SEM |
| Si30N | 30.2 ± 6.8 | 31 ± 10 | −10 ± 0.5 | +SEM |
| Si140G | 140.8 ± 8.0 | 142.4 ± 6 | −20 ± 3 | +FM* |
| Si140N | 144.8 ± 8.0 | 148 ± 10 | −18 ± 2 | +SEM |
| Si140C | 129.0 ± 4.0 | 133 ± 10 | −28 ± 3 | +SEM |
| Si140 | 141 ± 6.0 | 141 ± 6 | −21 ± 3 | +SEM/EDX/AFM |
| SiR | 30.6 ± 6.8 | 33.6 ± 8 | −14 ± 2 | +FM*/SEM |
| SiG | 30.8 ± 6.4 | 34.0 ± 7.6 | −15 ± 2 | +FM* |
| SiB | 30.7 ± 6.2 | 33.0 ± 5.6 | −14 ± 1 | +FM |
| SiP 22 S | 135 ± 11.2 | 143 ± 14.3 | −27 ± 2 | +SEM |
| SiP 350 | 45 ± 5.6 | 52 ± 7.3 | −23 ± 2 | +SEM |
| SiP D 17 | 100 ± 9.8 | 112 ± 12.3 | −18 ± 1 | +SEM |
| Levasil CS40-213P | 22 ± 3.1 | 23 ± 2.4 | −20 ± 3 | +SEM |
| Levasil CS50-34P | 55 ± 7.8 | 122 ± 8.4 | −30 ± 4 | +SEM |
| Polymer–NPs | ||||
| POSiRC | 9.1 ± 1.81 | 14.9 ± 0.09 | −32 ± 2 | +FM* |
| POSiRN | 10.2 ± 1.91 | 15.7 ± 0.09 | + 24 ± 5 | +FM* |
| POSiRPEG | 10.4 ± 1.71 | 22.1 ± 0.09 | −14 ± 1 | −FM* |
| POSiRPEtO | 11.8 ± 2.01 | 26.0 ± 0.19 | −5 ± 1 | −FM* |
| Metal-based NPs | ||||
| Ag | 10.3 ± 2.21 | 12.4 ± 0.5 | −43 ± 3 | +SEM/EDX |
| CuO | 55.2 ± 3.61 | 488.3 ± 12 | −4.5 ± 0.5 | +SEM |
| FeOG | 194.0 ± 12.01 | 200 ± 8 | −20 ± 1 | +FM/SEM |
| Endorem contrast agent | n.d. | 106 ± 15 | −46.8 ± 4 | +SEM/EDX |
| Fe2O3@SiO2-1 | 35.4 ± 0.3 (Fe2O3: 4.3 ± 0.4) | 209 ± 36.2 | −27.0 ± 0.6 | +SEM |
| Carbon nanomaterials | ||||
| CNNM400 | 11.0 ± 3.0 × 846 ± 4461 | n.d | n.d | +SEM |
| CNNM401 | 67.0 ± 26.2 × 4,048 ± 2,3711 | n.d | n.d | +SEM |
| CNNM402 | 11.0 ± 3.0 × 1,372 ± 8361 | n.d | n.d | +SEM |
| Carbon black | 175 ± 8.8 (Pore size: 6.4)1 | 175 ± 10 (pore size: 6.4) | n.d. | +SEM |
| BNP (beer NP) | 52.7 ± 20.71 | 55.9 ± 29.51 | −7 ± 4 | +FM |
| Microparticles | ||||
| MP-SiO | 3012 ± 113 | n.d. | −36.1 ± 2 | |
The average size of indicated nanomaterials was determined in the dry state (TEM) as well as in buffer-A by DLS. Zeta potentials were determined with a Zetasizer. Values are mean ± s.d. from three independent experiments. NP–bacteria interaction was verified by the indicated methods: FM (*quantitative) fluorescence microscopy, EM electron microscopy (SEM/TEM), EDX energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Fluorescent labels (R = Rhodamine; G = FITC; B = AF350). SiP SIPERNAT®